CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH DESIGNS Shrikant Diwan

Types Of Research Exploratory Descriptive Causal Shrikant Diwan

Uncertainty Influences The Type Of Research CAUSAL OR DESCRIPTIVE COMPLETELY CERTAIN ABSOLUTE AMBIGUITY EXPLORATORY Shrikant Diwan

Degree of Problem Definition Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research (Unaware of Problem) (Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined) “Our sales are declining and “What kind of people are buying “Will buyers purchase more of we don’t know why.” our product? Who buys our our products in a new package? competitor’s product?” “Would people be interested “Which of two advertising in our new product idea?” “What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?” in our product?” possible situation Shrikant Diwan

Exploratory Research Secondary data Experience survey Pilot studies Shrikant Diwan

Exploratory Research Initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of a problem Does not provide conclusive evidence Subsequent research expected Shrikant Diwan

Descriptive Research Describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon Some understanding of the nature of the problem Shrikant Diwan

I keep six honest serving men, (they taught me all I knew), their names are what, and why, and when, and how, and where and who.” --Rudyard Kipling Shrikant Diwan

Descriptive Research Example Woman about 40 years old Household income of about $50,000 Shrikant Diwan

Causal Research Conducted to identify cause and effect relationships Shrikant Diwan

Identifying Causality A causal relationship is possible to prove. Evidence of causality: 1. The appropriate causal order of events 2. Concomitant variation--two phenomena vary together 3. An absence of alternative plausible explanations Shrikant Diwan

RESEARCH PROCESS Shrikant Diwan

Stages of the Research Process Problem Discovery and Definition Discovery and Definition and so on Research Design Conclusions and Report Sampling Data Processing and Analysis Data Gathering Shrikant Diwan

Research Stages Cyclical process - conclusions generate new ideas Stages can overlap chronologically Stages are functionally interrelated Forward linkages Backward linkages Shrikant Diwan

Shrikant Diwan Problem discovery Problem Discovery and Definition Selection of exploratory research technique Problem discovery Problem Discovery and Definition Sampling Selection of exploratory research technique Probability Nonprobability Secondary (historical) data Experience survey Pilot study Case study Collection of data (fieldwork) Data Gathering Data Processing and Analysis Editing and coding data Problem definition (statement of research objectives) Data processing Selection of basic research method Research Design Conclusions and Report Interpretation of findings Experiment Survey Observation Secondary Data Study Report Laboratory Field Interview Questionnaire Shrikant Diwan

The Business Research Process Problem Discovery Selection of Sample Design Exploratory Research Collection of the Data Selection of the Basic Research Method Shrikant Diwan

The Research Process (cont.) Editing and Coding Report Data Processing Interpretation of the Findings Shrikant Diwan

Stages In The Research Process Problem Discovery and Problem Definition Research Design Sampling Data Gathering Data Processing and Analysis Conclusions And Report Shrikant Diwan

Problem Discovery And Definition First step Problem, opportunity, or monitor operations Discovery before definition Problem means management problem Shrikant Diwan

“The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution” Albert Einstein Shrikant Diwan

State the research questions and research objectives Shrikant Diwan

Hypothesis A statement that can be refuted by empirical data Shrikant Diwan

If you do not know where you are going, any road will take you there. Shrikant Diwan

Exploratory Research Experience Case Survey Study Pilot Study SECONDARY (historical) Data Exploratory Research Shrikant Diwan

Exploratory Research Techniques Two Examples Secondary data (historical data) Previously collected Census of population Literature survey Pilot study A number of diverse techniques Shrikant Diwan

Focus Group Interview Shrikant Diwan

Research Design Master plan Framework for action Specifies methods and procedures Shrikant Diwan

Basic Research Methods Surveys Experiments Secondary data Observation Shrikant Diwan

Selecting a Sample Sample: subset SAMPLE of a larger population. Shrikant Diwan

Secondary data analysis Case Studies Pilot Studies CATEGORIES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH Experience Surveys Secondary data analysis Case Studies Pilot Studies Shrikant Diwan

Sampling Who is to be sampled? How large a sample? How will sample units be selected? Shrikant Diwan

Data Gathering Stage Shrikant Diwan

Data Processing and Analysis Shrikant Diwan

Conclusions And Report Writing Effective communication of the research findings Shrikant Diwan

Research Proposal A written statement of the research design that includes a statement explaining the purpose of the study. Detailed outline of procedures associated with a particular methodology Shrikant Diwan

Shrikant Diwan

Defining Problem Results in Clear Cut Research Objectives Symptom Detection Analysis of the Situation Exploratory Research (Optional) Problem Definition Statement of Research Objectives Shrikant Diwan

The Management-Research Question Hierarchy Measurement Questions Investigative Questions Research Questions Management Questions MANAGEMENT DILEMMA Shrikant Diwan

Management Dilemma The symptom of an actual problem Not difficult to identify a dilemma, however choosing one to focus on may be difficult. Shrikant Diwan

Management Questions How can management eliminate negative Symptoms? Shrikant Diwan

Research Question What are the possible courses of action are available with the management to correct the problem. Shrikant Diwan

Investigative Questions Questions the researcher must answer to satisfactorily arrive at a conclusion about the research question. Shrikant Diwan

Measurement Questions The questions we actually ask to obtain the information from respondents. Shrikant Diwan