Hailey Furr, Tai R., and Ashton Adams. Lithosphere #2 Hailey Furr, Tai R., and Ashton Adams.

Layers of Earth 3 layers that vary Crust- “Skin” of earth; dry land and ocean floor; continental crust is made mainly of granite.

Mantle- Layer of solid, hot rock 40 km beneath the surface; divided into the lithosphere, asthenosphere and lower mantle Lithosphere- Uppermost part of mantle; ridge layer Asthenosphere- softer part of mantle below lithosphere; hotter and under increased pressure Lower mantle- solid material extending to earth’s core Layers of Earth

Layers of Earth Core- Made mostly of metals, iron and nickel; consists of 2 parts, outer core (molten) and inner core (solid); movement of outer core creates magnetic field, and is composed of iron.

Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics float on the asthenosphere. Convection currents rise in the asthenosphere and spread beneath the lithosphere. Convection currents move like a conveyor belt which cause plates to move in the lithosphere, producing changes in Earth’s surface. Changes in earth’s surface include volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep ocean trenches.

How do they move and what does it cause? Plate boundary- when the edge of plates meet at lines. When rocks slip past each other along the boundaries, faults (breaks in the Earth’s crust) occur.

How do they move and what does it cause? Transform boundary- Where 2 plates slip past each other moving in opposite directions This causes frequent earthquakes.

How do they move and what does it cause? Divergent boundary- 2 plates move apart (diverge) which usually occur at the mid- ocean ridge Rift valley- occurs when a deep valley is formed along a divergent boundary develops on land

How do they move and what does it cause? Convergent boundary- Where 2 plates come together (converge) causing a collision When 2 oceanic crust plates or when a continental and oceanic plate collide, one is subducted under the the other one forming a trench.

Topography -the shape of land that includes the area’s elevation, relief, and landforms. Topographic maps are used to show elevation and shape of certain land features not seen from a regular map.

Earthquakes Continental crust changing over time due to tectonic plate movement. Earthquake- a sudden shaking of the ground as a result of movements within the earth’s crust. Seismic Waves- Waves of an earthquake. Focus- Original crack in the rock where the earthquake originates. Epicenter- the point on the earth's surface, directly above the focus (hypocenter) point of where the earthquake begins and plates shift.

Earthquake Waves Primary waves- compression waves, they can expand through the things they travel through. They can travel through solids and liquids. Secondary waves- Only travel through solids, they change shape but not the volume of the materials they pass through Surface waves- slowest of the three but produce more ground movement and can make the ground look like rushing water.

Size and Scale There are a number of categories of how to measure the impact of an earthquake. We use the Richter scale to measure of the magnitude of an earthquake. The strongest ones are in the ranges of 5.5-8.9. A seismograph is a tool we use to measure incoming and current earthquakes, it can also tell the damage and where it ranks on the Richter scale.