1. Layers of the Earth: REVIEW
LITHOSPHERE
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
ASTHENOSPHERE
Upper layer of the Mantle
Where CONVECTION occurs
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core

3. BASALT is MORE dense than granite. Therefore, Continental Crust
OCEANIC Crust
-MORE DENSE
-Mostly Made of Basalt
CONTINENTAL Crust
LESS DENSE
Mostly Made of Granite
BASALT is MORE dense than granite.
Therefore, Continental Crust
“RIDES”
On Oceanic Crust

4. Plate Interactions - REVIEW:
CONVERGENT >>>> <<<<<
Oceanic to Oceanic – Mid Ocean Ridges
Continental to Continental – Mountains
Oceanic to Continental –
Volcanoes & E-Quakes
DIVERGENT <<<<< >>>>>
Sea Floor Spreading (New Earth)
Volcanoes
TRANSFORM  
E-Quakes

5. “SUBDUCT” – To Go Beneath
SUBDUCTION ZONES:
“SUBDUCT” – To Go Beneath
Oceanic Crust is MORE DENSE and SUBDUCTS beneath CONTINENTAL CRUST
Subduction Zone faults are the LONGEST and WIDEST in the world.
E-Quake size is directly related to Fault size
HUUUUUGE Boundaries – Generate Large E-Quakes

6. SUBDUCTION ZONES occur all around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Ring Of Fire
SUBDUCTION ZONES occur all around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Responsible for the world’s
BIGGEST E-Quakes
MOST TERRIBLE TSUNAMIS
Some of the WORST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

7. Plate boundaries are made up of many FAULTS.
Earthquakes
Plate boundaries are made up of many FAULTS.
A FAULT is a BREAK in the Earth’s CRUST.
Most Earthquakes occur along FAULT LINES.
**Not all cracks in rocks are faults.
A FAULT IS DEFINED BY THE MOVEMENT OF ROCK OCCURINGON EITHER SIDE.
When the MOVEMENT is SUDDEN, the ENERGY released causes an EARTHQUAKE.
San Andreas Fault line viewed from Space

8. ENERGY is STORED when FAULT edges are STUCK together
FORCE of MOVING blocks < FORCE of FRICTION
ENERGY is RELEASED and RADIATES outward in all directions
Energy released during the Taiwan Earthquake

9. (side-to-side motion)
3 Types of Faults : Classified by HOW the two slabs of rock MOVE relative to each other.
Strike-Slip – Vertical Fractures where plates move HORIZONTALLY past each other
(side-to-side motion)
Normal – Develop where land is PULLING APART or stretching. One block of land SLIPS DOWN relative to the other.
Reverse – Develop where land is being COMPRESSED. One block of land is PUSHED UP relative to the other.

11. Travel through Earth’s INNER layers
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock.
Travel through Earth’s INNER layers
Travel along the Earth’s SURFACE
Arrive AFTER Body Waves
Earthquakes RADIATE ENERGY as waves.
BODY
WAVES
SURFACE
WAVES
P Waves:
FASTEST
First to Arrive
Move through SOLIDS & FLUIDS
Pushes and Pulls Rock
Animals Can Hear them
S Waves:
SLOWER
SECOND to arrive
Can only move through SOLIDS
Moves UP & DOWN or SIDE- to -SIDE
Responsible for DAMAGE and DESTRUCTION
Love:
FASTEST
Moves Ground from side-to-side
Rayleigh:
ROLLS along the ground.
Moves ground UP & DOWN
LARGER than other waves
Creates SHAKING we feel

12. Richter Scale

13. Major factors that affect the intensity of an earthquake.
The greater the magnitude, the greater the intensity near the epicenter.
A single earthquake can produce a range of intensities from I to XII.
The intensity decreases as the distance from the epicenter increases until there is no affect felt by the earthquake.
Earthquakes can have a range of intensities but only one magnitude.