Cardiac Emergency/Disorders BY: Felicia Magnuszewski

Heart attack A heart attack occurs when blood flow that brings oxygen to the heart muscle is severely reduced or cut off completely. The structures involved in a heart attack are: Heart Arteries Blood

Mechanism/cause of the disorder High cholesterol: a waxy substance that’s found in the fats in your blood Makes it harder for oxygen to get to your heart Can treat high cholesterol by making healthier choices (healthier diet, exercising, medication, etc.) Blood clot that arise in the arteries of the heart itself may block the flow of blood through that artery and cause a heart attack.

Blood Clot The lower the blood clot it the artery the less severe it’ll be. The more upper the clot in the artery the more likely the person is to die.

Short term effects Chest discomfort that feels like pressure or squeezing that may last a few minutes or may come back and go away Women may experience vomiting and back or jaw pain Shortness of breathe Other signs may include cold sweat, nausea, or lightheadness Undue fatigue Palpitations- the sensation that your heart is skipping a beat or beating too rapidly Dyspnea- difficult or labored breathing

Long term effects Increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease Greater chance of developing coronary heart disease Greater chance of having a second heart attack Cant do as many physical activities

Treatment Stent placement- stent is placed to keep your artery open Open heart surgery- take a healthy artery or vein and it goes around the blocked portion of the artery which gives blood a new route to follow to your heart Medicine- may be given to open clocked arteries to your heart.

Rehabilitation Cardiac rehab programs usually provide education and counseling services to help heart patients increase physical fitness, reduce cardiac symptoms, improve health and reduce the risk of future heart problems

Prevention Recommend heart disease prevention to begin early in life Assess risk facts Work on keeping them low 40 years+ should calculate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years

Stroke Stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted and severely reduced depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Structures involved in a stroke are: Brain Brain tissue

Mechanism/cause of the disorder Risks: High Blood Pressure- risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure reading higher than 120/80 millimeters of mercury Cigarette smoking or exposure to second hand smoke High cholesterol Diabetes Obstructive sleep apnea- a sleep disorder in which oxygen level intermittently drops during the night Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure

Short term effects Seizures and Epilepsy-first weeks following a stroke some survivors may experience a stroke May feel pain which may occur immediately, weeks or sometimes months after stroke

Long term effects Paralysis or loss of muscle movement-may become paralyzed in one side of your body or lose control of certain muscles Difficulty talking or swallowing-may cause you to have less control of your mouth muscles making it difficult to talk clearly, swallow or eat. Memory loss- many people may get memory loss or have difficulty thinking, making judgments, reasoning and understanding concepts

Long term effects Emotional problems- people have more difficulty controlling their emotions or may develop depression Changed in behavior and self-care ability- people may become more withdrawn and less social or more impulsive, may need help grooming and daily chores

Prevention Managing key risk factors High blood pressure Cigarette smoking Atrial fibrillation Physical inactivity

Treatment Medical treatments nay be used to control high blood pressure and/or manage atrial fibrillation among high risk patients. Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets-Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and anticoagulants, such as warfarin, interfere with the blood's ability to clot Antihypertensives-medications that treat high blood pressure. Depending on the type of medication, they can lower blood pressure by opening the blood vessels

Treatment Medical procedures Carotid Endarterectomy- procedure in which blood vessel blockage is surgically removed Angioplasty- Doctors sometimes use balloon angioplasty and implantable steel screens called stents to treat cardiovascular disease and help open up the blocked blood vessel.

Rehabilitation Physical activities Strengthening motor skills-exercise the help improve muscle strength Mobility training-relearn how to walk Cognitive and emotional activities Therapy for communication disorders-can help regain lost abilities in speaking, listening, writing and comprehension

Credits http://www.mayoclinic.org/ http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ https://www.pbafacts.com/