Good Morning! Please pick up a copy of the papers from the back table HMWK- Read Ch. 16& do chapter work. See calendar for APQ16 date Today’s Agenda Crane-Brinton’s theory of Revolutions Apply CB theory to American Revolution English Civil War web quest Apply ECQ to CB

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements All three major European Revolutions (English, French, & Russian) occurred when literacy rates among the population reached +/-50% REVOLUTION: 1. Period of drastic change 2. A violent overthrow of a government

Voltaire French intellectual & Philosopher Wrote and lectured about freedom of speech. Freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. Spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the Catholic Church. "I do not agree with a word that you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

Thomas Hobbes Man was basically greedy, selfish, and cruel. ‘life would be a state of constant warfare without a strong government to control man's natural impulses.’ - Leviathan Society creates an unwritten Social Contract and are willing to exchange most of their freedoms for the safety of organized society.  Hobbes did not believe in revolutions, and supported the idea of absolute monarchs.

John Locke Government should be limited. People could be reasonable and moral. Two Treatises of Government, All men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, Purpose of government was to protect these rights.  If government did not protect these rights, the people had a right to revolution.  Locke supported a limited government that protected people's natural rights.

Montesquieu French; Political philosopher The Spirit of the Laws – Government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Each branch would Check and Balance the others, thus protecting the people's liberty. 

What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy? British Crown Jewels Absolutism- A political theory that absolute power should be entrusted in one or more rulers Results in the creation of absolute monarchies throughout Europe 1500-1800 Absolute Monarchy- A system of government in which the king or queen has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society Transfer of power is heredity In reality absolute monarchs had to balance their power with that of the nobility and the clergy. Austrian Crown Jewels

What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy? King Charles I of England with hand of God holding crown Many absolute monarchs believed they received their authority to rule by divine right What is the Theory of Divine Right of Kings? God gave the monarchy the right to rule and only God could take that right from them They are only answerable to God They do not have to answer to their people The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God Himself they are called gods… Kings justly gods, for they exercise a… divine power upon earth… God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake at His pleasure, to give life or sent death to judge and to be judged nor accountable to none, to raise low things and to make high things low at His pleasure… And the like power of kings… -King James IV/I of Britain, 1609 Louis XIV https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5Njjd6R6d0 Versailles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X235vpOToVU

What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy? What caused absolute monarchies to form? End of feudalism allows for monarchs to gain more power and centralize their authority Formation of national kingdoms (nation-states) Creation of national armies and centralized tax systems Increased wealth, wars and conflicts Wealth from colonies allows monarchs to spend money on their ambitions Protestant Reformation causes Catholic Church to lose power & sparks religious conflict throughout Europe Governments increase size of armies & taxation of peasants “Look- If I’d had any idea what a constitution was, I never would have signed the darn think, okay?”

What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy? L'état, c'est moi What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy? King Louis XIV of France Absolute monarch Ruled 1643-1715 (4 yrs old when he becomes king) Boasted L'état, c'est moi (I am the state.) Limited power of nobles- forces them to live at Versailles (royal palace) Establishes France as military power in Europe Canceled Edict of Nantes causing many Protestants to flee & damaging France’s economy Spends lots of money causing France to go into debt building of the Palace of Versailles Fought unsuccessful wars

Other Absolute Monarchs are F Queen Elizabeth I of England King James I of England King Philip II of Spain Queen Maria Theresa of Austria Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia Tsar Peter the Great of Russia

Elsewhere, a few monarchs retained absolute control of their countries while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas.  These monarchs are called Enlightened Despots.  In Austria, Maria Teresa and her son Joseph II both introduced reforms based on Enlightenment ideas.  They reduced the tax load on the peasants, provided free education, and ended censorship in their empire.  In Russia, Catherine the Great  introduced similar reforms.  She enacted laws for religious toleration and free education, and also sought the advice of nobles and peasants in the running of government. However, these reforms seldom outlived the monarchs who had enacted them.

FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages

This stage in an illness is when the cause of the sickness first comes into contact with the individual, infecting them, but not yet causing any symptoms to present themselves. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester for many years before showing themselves in the form of actual revolutionary action.

This stage in an illness is when sickness starts to affect the person in observable ways. Temperature may rise. A cough might present itself. The individual might become weak and queasy. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would be the first to involve direct action resulting from the social, political, intellectual, or economic causes of the incubation stage. This stage might involve the publication of works calling for a change, street level riots by the common people, or more direct attempts at changing the society.

What would this stage be like in a revolution? This is the critical stage in an illness where two things can happen. The individual either breaks the fever after a heightened stage of illness or the individual gets progressively worse and does not recover. Crisis Stage In a revolution, this stage would be the make or break part of the struggle. It may involve where sides for and against the revolution compete. This conflict competition could take the form of debate or full-scale war. Successful revolutions survive this stage. Those that do not are usually considered failed rebellions.

This stage involves recovering from the illness. The individual might be weakened from the experience, but he or she will eventually emerge healthy and with new knowledge and experience that might prevent the illness from occurring again. What would this stage be like in a revolution? Convalescence In a revolution, this stage would involve recovering from the extreme disruptions of the crisis stage. In general, the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes of the revolution must be addressed in some way, though not necessarily to the satisfaction of all revolutionaries.

Adapted from Crane Brinton’s book, The Anatomy of Revolution STAGES OF REVOLUTION Adapted from Crane Brinton’s book, The Anatomy of Revolution

Government inefficiency 1. Economically weak- the government has deficits and must tax. Examples?   2. Politically weak - the government is ineffective and can not or does not enforce policy. Examples?   3. Intellectuals desert - reformers speak out against the government. Examples?   4. Class antagonism - there is a conflict between the old regime and new forces. Often among the haves and have nots. Examples?

1. Symbolic actions - there is a rallying point against the old regime 1. Symbolic actions - there is a rallying point against the old regime. Examples? 2. Planning - the new forces plan a “spontaneous" revolt. Examples? 3. Role of Force - the government cannot repress the rebellion. Examples?

1. Dual sovereignty - there is a better organized and obeyed government. Examples? 2. Moderates take over mechanism of government make a new constitution: fight a war. Examples?

1. Coup d’état - the illegal government seizes power. Examples. 2 1. Coup d’état - the illegal government seizes power. Examples? 2. Organization - a small number of devoted, disciplined radicals govern. Examples?

1. Forced conformity or punishment 2. Spread the gospel of revolution 3. Causes of terror: habitual violence, pressure of war, economics; class or ideological struggles Examples?

1. First convalescence from the fever of revolution 2 1. First convalescence from the fever of revolution 2. Amnesty or repression 3.Return of pleasure, religion, status quo Examples?

Security vs. Freedom Security Freedom

The Old Regime Economically weak- Politically weak – British government imposes Stamp Act to draw monies from economically prosperous colonies Colonists declare “no taxation without representation” Politically weak – The colonial system of government in England could not effectively enforce policies on colonies across the Atlantic which were used to self-government. “Salutary Neglect” Intellectuals desert – Sam Adams organizes the Committee of Correspondence in 1770 Organization of “Sons of Liberty” New England town meetings The ideas of the Enlightenment Class Antagonism Quebec Act of 1774 closes Western expansion Absentee British government vs. present form of colonial self-government

First Stages of the Revolution Symbolic Actions Stamp Act of 1765 Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Planning Continued operation of Committees of correspondence and Sons of Liberty Role of Force British colonial forces vs. Continental Army

Rule of the Moderates (center) Dual sovereignty – England vs. the Colonists Loyalists vs. the Whigs Moderates take over mechanism of government. – Merchants organize boycott of British goods (Phil., NYC, Boston) 2nd Continental Congress appoints Washington head of the army Sent a delegation to Canada to side with colonists

Accession of the Extremists (Left) Coup d’état Declaration of Independence 1776 2. Organization – Continental Army: Lead by Washington, Trained by LaFayette & von Steuben Supplied by France Continental Congress

Reigns of terror and virtue Forced conformity or punishment Limited to harassing loyalists 2. Spread the gospel of revolution Pamphlets, Ballads, Newspapers 3. Causes of terror: Pressure of concluding the war continues; the struggle between the Whigs and Loyalists; shortage of goods due to the blockades

Thermidore (center) First convalescence from the fever of revolution Continental Congress in full control of colonies after British surrender.     2. Amnesty or repression Expelling Loyalists to Canada Ending of inherited titles Payment for confiscated Loyalists lands.    3.Return of pleasure, religion, status quo America returns to self-government as enjoyed before the Revolutionary War

English Civil War Charles I Oliver Cromwell

Did you know? King Charles I was actually imprisoned at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight in 1647 after fleeing there from house arrest at Hampton Court. He attempted to escape his new prison through a barred window and got his head stuck! He was moved to a new, more secure room where he plotted his escape a second time using the same method- escape via barred window! This time, the window bars were pre-loosened with nitric acid and the guards were bribed. However, the guards betrayed Charles to his captor, Colonel Robert Hammond, who placed extra guards under the king’s window. Charles I was executed for treason on January 30, 1649. He is the only king in English history to be executed. Who is imprisoned in this political cartoon? Why is his head stuck in the bars? Hampton Court Palace

English Civil War & Glorious Revolution James II Charles II William & Mary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FA5abHKvUBQ

Today’s Assignment English Civil War web quest Located on my dragonwhap page You may work with a partner or by yourself. Create a google doc & share w/me OR write on separate paper Do you think the assignment is about us? Do you think the assignment is about us? Yum….History assignments! I’m starving. Squirrel! Cavalier King Charles Spaniels