1. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. --Thomas Jefferson All modern revolutions have ended in a reinforcement of the power of the state. --Albert Camus Revolutions never go backward. --William Henry Seward Revolution is the proper occupation of the masses. --Mao Zedong A great revolution is never the fault of the people, but of the government. --Goethe Desperate diseases require desperate remedies. --Guy Fawkes The blow by which kings fall causes a long bleeding. --Pierre Corneille Revolutions have never lightened the burden of tyranny. They have only shifted it to another shoulder. Inciting to revolution is treason, not only against man, but also against God. --Pope Leo XIII

2. The Frayer Model: What is a revolution?

3. A revolution is a fundamental and often rapid change in the way systems operate—whether political, economic, intellectual, or social…leaders of revolutions usually state their goals in terms of high, uncompromising principles. As revolutionary struggles unfold and as different groups rise and fall, however, they may lurch from one political position to another relatively swiftly and often violently. In a major revolution several groups may participate and cooperate in the struggle to replace the existing government. Each group may have its own goals, and these goals may be in conflict…This struggle (between groups) to control the government many be even more brutal, violent, chaotic, and unpredictable than the battle to overthrow the old…Major revolutions can have significant, lasting consequences, not only for participants in that place and time but also for people of later generations and far-flung locations. --Howard Spodek

4. The Crane Brinton Model

5. Describe the progression of an illness like the flu. Describe specific traits that these stages could share with other illnesses? What differences are there between the beginning, the height of the flu, and the end?

6. FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages

7. This stage in an illness is when the cause of the sickness first comes into contact with the individual, infecting them, but not yet causing any symptoms to present themselves. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester for many years before showing themselves in the form of actual revolutionary action.

8. This stage in an illness is when sickness starts to affect the person in observable ways. Temperature may rise. A cough might present itself. The individual might become weak and queasy. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would be the first to involve direct action resulting from the social, political, intellectual, or economic causes of the incubation stage. This stage might involve the publication of works calling for a change, street level riots by the common people, or more direct attempts at changing the society.

9. Crisis Stage In a revolution, this stage would be the make or break part of the struggle. It may involve conflict where sides for and against the revolution compete. This competition could take the form of debate or full-scale war. Successful revolutions survive this stage. Those that do not are usually considered failed rebellions. This is the critical stage in an illness where two things can happen. The individual either breaks the fever after a heightened stage of illness or the individual gets progressively worse and does not recover. What would this stage be like in a revolution?

10. Convalescence This stage involves recovering from the illness. The individual might be weakened from the experience, but he or she will eventually emerge healthy and with new knowledge and experience that might prevent the illness from occurring again. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would involve recovering from the extreme disruptions of the crisis stage. In general, the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes of the revolution must be addressed in some way, though not necessarily to the satisfaction of all revolutionaries.