DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 Research Project Workshop At SOAS University of London, March 3rd – 4th 2017 Delivering Inclusive Financial Development and Growth (ESRC Reference: ES/N013344/1) by Victor Murinde and associates University of Birmingham and collaborating institutions

DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 Research Project Workshop At SOAS University of London, March 3rd – 4th 2017 Workstream 3.1 Mobile Technology, Financial Inclusion and Poverty-Reduction in Selected African Countries: Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa by Fei Jiang, Christopher J. Green, Ahmad H. Ahmad School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University

INTRODUCTION Micro-level data and macro-level data Determinants of the take up of mobile finance? At country level/household level? The impact of mobile finance on financial inclusion and poverty-reduction? The pricing and market structure of mobile money operators? …… Micro-level data and macro-level data Micro-level: household surveys, enterprise surveys… Macro-level: aggregate information, country total Demand-side data and supply-side data (Aron, 2015) Demand-side: data collected from mobile money users, households or firms, field interviews Supply-side: data recorded by mobile money providers/operators, e.g. administrative telecoms data DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

DATA SOURCES Demand-side Data Supply-side Data Micro-level Data   Database Compiler Micro-level Data Household Surveys Global Findex World Bank IBRD/IDA, Gallup World Poll Mobile Money Deployment Tracker GSMA Intelligence Financial Inclusion Insight (FII) InterMedia Financial Sector Deepening (FSDs) * FinScope Consumer FinMark Trust Mobile Money Programme * FinAccess FSD Kenya Afrobarometer Enterprise Surveys FinScope MSME World Bank Enterprise Surveys World Bank Enterprise Analysis Unit Macro-level Data International Telecommunication Union Yearbooks (ITU) ITU IMF Financial Access Survey (FAS) IMF World Bank Global Financial Development Database (GFDD) World Bank DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

DATA COVERAGE Database Country Year Micro-level Data Household Surveys Global Findex 148 economies in 2011, 143 economies in 2014 FII Programme Nigeria, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda; Indonesia, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. * Ghana, Rwanda 2013-16 FinScope Consumer 26 countries Various FinAccess Kenya 2006, 09, 13, 16 Afrobarometer Started from 12 African countries, gradually expanded to 36 African countries 6 Rounds during 1999-2016 Enterprise Surveys FinScope MSME 7 SADC countries 2012 (South Africa 2010) World Bank Enterprise Surveys 148 economies 2004-2015 Telecoms Data GSMA 237 countries 2009 - now ITU 200+ economies 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975-2013 Macro-level Data FAS 189 economies GFDD 203 economies 1960-2013   Country Year/Observation 2008 2009 2010 2011 2014 2015 2016 SADC Botswana 1400 1503 Democratic Republic of Congo 5000 Lesotho 2000 Madagascar 5040 Malawi 4993 3005 Mauritius 4000 Mozambique 5028 3928 Namibia South Africa 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015 - 3900 interviews Swaziland 3632 3440 Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 3984 Other Africa Ghana 3643 Kenya Nigeria Rwanda 6150 12480 Togo 5197 Uganda 3001 Asia Cambodia India 16000 Lao Myanmar 5100 Nepal 4014 Pakistan Source: https://www.finmark.org.za/finscope/ DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES Global Findex Global Findex 2011 – Used a mobile phone to pay bills/ send money/ receive money Global Findex 2014 included further variables – How people receive wages, government transfers, and payments for agricultural products – How people make utility and school payments – How people send or receive domestic remittances DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES FII Comprehensive mobile money related questions – Access to and ownership of mobile technology – Digital financial services/mobile money: mobile money awareness and sources of information, mobile money adoption and drivers – Point-of-service (POS)/mobile money agent-related experiences of mobile money users FinScope – Mobile money awareness, mobile money adoption and drivers DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES GSMA – Data collected from mobile phone operator – The number of live and planned mobile money services for the unbanked – The providers, name of the mobile money service, its launch date, the financial products offered, partners involved – Further information on mobile insurance, mobile credit and savings services since 2014 ITU – Data collected from annual questionnaire, usually from the regulatory authority, the ministry in charge of telecommunication and ICT, operators – Mobile phone subscriptions, quality of service, internet (fixed- and mobile-broadband subscription data), traffic, staff, prices, revenue, investment and statistics on ICT access and use by households and individual DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

MOBILE MONEY – VARIABLES FAS – Administrative data, from traditional financial service providers (e.g. commercial banks, microfinance institutions, other deposit-taking institutions), and providers of digital financial services (e.g. mobile money) – Mobile money: MM accounts, MM agent outlets, MM balance value, and MM transactions at country level GFDD – Indicators measure depth, access, efficiency, and stability of financial systems – Other indicators, e.g. measures of concentration and competition in the banking sector – Two indicators concerning mobile money: mobile phone used to send money (% age 15+), mobile phone used to pay bills (% age 15+) DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

SUMMARY Various survey data Challenge Gaps and overlaps among surveys Survey methods: e.g. definition of adult age To aggregate household survey for region-level or macro-level study?? Challenge Availability of countries vs. years vs. variables Balanced/unbalance panel Missing data Costs Going Forward From these sources, we aim to build data files for our empirical work on Financial Inclusion in Africa DEGRP: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme, Call 3 SOAS Meeting 03/03/2017 Data Issues in Understanding Financial Inclusion in Africa

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