The Tide of War Turns 1863–1865

Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865 Essential Question In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation? Why It Matters Now The America that we live in today is in large part the product of the Civil War.

The Tide of War Turns, 1863–1865 As the Civil War continued, the North became determined to end slavery forever. With the United States military accepting African-American volunteers, and large numbers of women entering the workforce, it was clear that the war was bringing about major social change. By the end of the war, the nation had been transformed economically, socially, and politically.

The Emancipation Proclamation Key Ideas Before, you learned Abolitionists had been fighting to end slavery for many decades before the Civil War began. Now you will learn The Emancipation Proclamation promised freedom to slaves in the Confederacy and allowed African Americans to join the Union army.

The Emancipation Proclamation TERMS AND NAMES Emancipation Proclamation — document issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free 54th Massachusetts Volunteers — regiment of African-American soldiers that gained fame for its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina

A War of Liberation Key Question How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the war effort? THINK ABOUT added moral purpose; How did it make the conflict a war of liberation? What is liberation? why did Northern Democrats think emancipation would prolong the war? What do emancipate and prolong mean? slaves joined Union lines—South lost workers; Union gained troops

Fighting for Freedom Key Question How did African-American soldiers contribute to the Union cause? THINK ABOUT African Americans rushed to enlist when Proclamation lifted restriction 54th Massachusetts became famous for heroic attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina Confederacy threatened to execute or enslave captured black troops

War Affects Society Key Ideas Before, you learned The Civil War took millions of men from their homes, disrupting life in both North and South. Now you will learn As the war dragged on, social, economic, and political change affected both the Union and the Confederacy.

War Affects Society TERMS AND NAMES Copperheads — Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South writ of habeas corpus — law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges Clara Barton — Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross

A Divisive Time Key Question What disagreements emerged inside both the Union and the Confederacy? THINK ABOUT some Southerners opposed secession; West Virginia formed in 1863 Northern Democrats wanted peace; Lincoln had protestors arrested slaves slowed down or stopped working, stayed when planters fled

Economic and Social Change Key Question What economic and social changes were caused by the war? THINK ABOUT poverty and food shortages spread; resentment of planters grew in South why did the Union establish an income tax and issue greenbacks? What are these things? some states repealed discriminatory laws against African Americans

The North Wins Key Ideas Before, you learned General Robert E. Lee caused the Union many difficulties in the East. Now you will learn After a series of Southern victories, the North began winning battles that led to the defeat of the Confederacy.

The North Wins TERMS AND NAMES Battle of Gettysburg — battle in 1863 in Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a Confederate invasion of the North George Pickett — Confederate general who fought at Gettysburg Pickett’s Charge — failed assault on Union positions on final day of Battle of Gettysburg Siege of Vicksburg — the surrounding of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by Union forces Sherman’s March to the Sea — Union general Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia Appomattox Court House — town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant

Union Victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg Key Question Why were the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg so significant? THINK ABOUT Gettysburg destroyed Lee’s hopes for northern victory; huge casualties Union victory at Vicksburg split South in two tide of war turned in favor of the North

The Confederacy Falls Key Question How did Grant’s new strategy defeat the Confederacy? THINK ABOUT Grant called for all Union forces to coordinate attacks Sherman waged total war; divided upper and lower South Grant pursued Lee’s army

The Legacy of the War Key Ideas Before, you learned During the Civil War, important social, economic, and political changes took place. Now you will learn The Civil War transformed the nation.

The Legacy of the War TERMS AND NAMES Walt Whitman — poet who wrote about the Civil War Ford’s Theatre — Washington, D.C. theater where Lincoln was shot John Wilkes Booth — Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln Thirteenth Amendment — Constitutional amendment that ended slavery

Costs of the War Key Question What were the losses and gains of the war? THINK ABOUT the Union was preserved North and South spent huge sums; interest had to be paid for many years South’s economy left in shambles; farms, factories, railroads destroyed

The Nation Transformed Key Question What changes did the war bring about? THINK ABOUT United States affirmed as union; federal government grew more powerful industry became basis of national economy; paid labor replaced slavery work opportunities opened up for women