Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919 - 1939

Timeline

An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security Weaknesses of the League of Nations The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924) Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks Germany unable to pay in 1922 French occupation of the Ruhr Valley German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923 The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929) Dawes Plan, 1924 Treaty of Locarno, 1925 Coexistence with Soviet Union

The Little Entente

The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 Affects European markets Unemployment Social Repercussions Powerlessness of Governments

The Democratic States Great Britain France The United States Labour Party failed to solve problems Coalition claimed credit for prosperity John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes says the government should create jobs France Was the strongest power in Europe Could not solved financial problems Popular Front The United States Herbert Hoover, (1929-1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt, (1933-1945) New Deal Public works projects World War II ends the depression

European States and the World: Colonial Empires Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa The Middle East Division of Ottoman Empire Turkey Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) India Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience Africa Britain and France awarded German colonies Protest movements

Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Totalitarianism By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies The modern totalitarian state Active commitment of citizens Mass propaganda techniques High speed communication Led by single leader and single party

Fascist Italy Impact of World War I Birth of Fascism Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919 Growth of the socialist Squadristi, armed Fascists Fascist movement gains support from industrialists March on Rome, 1922 Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922

Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State Fascist Government All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state Young Fascists Family is the pillar of the state Never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union Lateran Accords, February 1929

Hitler and Nazi Germany Weimar Germany No leaders Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925 Great Depression The Emergence of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Vienna Lanz von Liebenfels Munich The Rise of the Nazis German Workers’ Party National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921 Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops

Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont) The Nazi Seizure of Power Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923 Hitler imprisoned Mein Kampf, (My Struggle) Lebensraum (living space) Reorganization of the party New strategies Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election Support from right-wing elites Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933 Successes in 1933 election Enabling Act, March 23, 1933 Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

The Nazi State (1933-1939) Parliamentary republic dismantled Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship Constant rivalry gives Hitler power Economics and the drop in unemployment Heinrich Himmler and the SS Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens) Influence of Nazi ideas on working women Aryan Racial State Nuremberg laws, September 1935 Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938 Restrictions on Jews

The Soviet Union New Economic Policy Modified capitalism Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922 Revived economy Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924) Division Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin General Party Secretary

The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939) Rapid collectivization of agriculture First Five Year Plan, 1928 Emphasis on industry Real wages declined Use of propaganda Rapid collectivization of agriculture Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died Political Control Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929 Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested

Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe Conservative Authoritarian Governments Eastern Europe Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions Greece became a republic Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats Problems Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form Rural and agrarian society Ethnic conflicts

Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923) The Spanish Civil War The Popular Front General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975) Foreign intervention Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939) The Franco Regime Traditional, conservative, dictatorship Portugal Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)

Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure The Roaring Twenties Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe Josephine Baker (1906-1975) Jazz Age

Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920 BBC, 1926 Movies Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation Stars became subjects of adoration Marlene Dietrich Used for political purposes Nazis encourage cheap radios Triumph of the Will, 1934

Mass Leisure Sports Tourism Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany Dopolavoro in Italy Kraft durch Freude in Germany

Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable Political, economic, and social insecurities Radical changes in women’s styles Theodor van de Velde Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd Dadaism Tristan Tzara (1896-1945) Surrealism Salvador Dali (1904-1989) Functionalism in Modern Architecture Bauhaus School in Germany

Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont) A Popular Audience Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera Art in Totalitarian Regimes Art in service of the state A New Style in Music Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951)

Literature & Physics Between the Wars The Search for the Unconscious James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) Impact of Freud Carl Jung (1856-1961) The “Heroic Age of Physics” Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), “uncertainty principle”

Discussion Questions How would you define fascism? How was fascism different from traditional authoritarianism? What were the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar democracy? Compare and contrast Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany. What did the two states have in common? What anxieties were reflected in the cultural and intellectual trends of the interwar period?

Web Links Italian Life under Fascism The History Place: The Rise of Adolf Hitler Life in the USSR under Stalin Joseph Stalin: Biographical Chronicle The World of Kurt Weill bauhaus-archiv: Museum of Design