 Humanism: focus on individual  Why Italy?  Wealthy city-states/patrons  Artists:  Leonardo da Vinci  Michelangelo  Raphael  Donatello

 Writers:  Cervantes  Shakespeare  Printing Press  Johann Gutenberg  Spread of ideas

 Printing Press helped spread ideas  Martin Luther  95 Theses  Critical of indulgences  Salvation by faith alone  Bible as ultimate authority  John Calvin  Henry VIII: Anglican Church

 Revive reputation of Catholic Church  Jesuits:  missionary work

 Edict of Nantes, 1598:  religious tolerance to Protestants in France  Thirty Years’ War  Germany, Protestants v. Catholics  Treaty of Westphalia ▪ Ends Thirty Years’ War ▪ Allowed cities to choose own religion  English Civil War

 Divine Right  Louis XIV  Absolute Monarch  France  Palace of Versailles  Peter the Great  St. Petersburg ▪ Closer to Europe ▪ Sea access

 Why?  Sea route to Asia  Break existing trade routes

 Prince Henry the Navigator  Navigation school  Caravel: new ship, two sets of sails  Vasco da Gama  India

 Christopher Columbus  Americas  Ferdinand Magellan  Around the World

 Conquistadors  Hernan Cortes  Aztecs  Francisco Pizarro  Incas

 Encomienda: natives worked mines or fields  Mit’a: system of forced labor  Portuguese Plantations  Sugar  Relied on slave labor ▪ Natives then Africans  Silver Mines

 Peninsulares: Spanish/Portuguese born in old world  Creoles: Spanish/Portuguese born in new world  Mestizos: part European and part Indian  Mulattoes: part European and part African

 Slave labor  Latin American & North America depended on slavery  Governments  Latin America: authoritarian  North America: less elaborate bureaucracies  Social Systems  Latin America: hierarchical  North America: less rigid  Native Americans  North America: pushed westward  Latin America: destroyed

 Disease: pandemics  Decrease of Native Populations  Crops: American crops spread to Africa, Europe, Asia  Increased populations

 Europe to Africa: manufactured goods  Africa to Americas: slaves, Middle Passage  Americas to Europe: raw materials

 Slave-exporting regions of West Africa  Government? ▪ Asante: rose in power  Slavery prior to Europeans  After Europeans  Increased dependence on Europe  What were Portuguese first interested in (slave trade)?  Gold, spices  African populations increased  Change in diet

 Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country  Promote state’s economy  Joint Stock Companies  Organized commercial ventures

 Every powerful state used guns effectively to build control and take subjugate enemies  Land based gunpowder empires  Russia  Ming & Qing China  Japan  Ottoman Empire  Safavid Empire  Mughal Empire

 Expansion:  Gunpowder weapons  Extensive bureaucracies  Navy  Suleiman the Magnificent  Technology  Behind Europe  Sunni Muslim  Public Works projects  Political Power  Janissaries: elite military group  Devshirme: Christians covert, become bureaucrats, infantrymen  declined during this time

 Shia/Shi’ite Muslim  Political Power  Shah Abbas I: peak of power  Declined in power  Promotion of trade

 Expansion:  Babur: founder  Extensive bureaucracies  Gunpowder weapons  Art & Architecture  Blend of cultures (Taj Mahal)  Political Power  Autocratic rulers: power on military & Religious authority  Akbar: Religious tolerance  declined in this time period  Shikhism: new religion, no caste distinctions

 Zheng He  Stopped expeditions to contain nomadic groups  Political power  Centered with Emperor  Limited technological innovation  Limited trade/contact with outsiders  Missionaries: Matteo Ricci

 Founded by Manchus  Patriarchal

 Emperor: controlled Japan, in theory  Daimyo: territorial lords  Shogun: really controlled Japan  Tokugawa Shogunate: Centralized government  Social Hierarchy: influenced by Confucianism