1.
Global interactions

2. Communication & trade goes global!
For the first time since the Ice Age, Eastern and Western hemispheres were connected
Old trade routes continued, but by the end of this time period the Europeans dominated, to differing degrees, most of the global trade networks
Trading systems changed as commodities circled the globe
Massive amounts of people were affected by disease, new food products, spread of religion, and migrations (forced or willing)

4. What do I need to know? Portugal & Spain
Portugal made caravel ships, astrolabes, and a school of navigation.
They were the first European country to establish sea routes around Africa and to the East.
A trading empire with W. Africa & the Indian Ocean developed
Spain’s monarchs sponsored Columbus’ voyages and later trips to the Americas & Pacific

6. What do I need to know? Chinese exploration and oceania
Zheng He made 7 voyages into the Indian Ocean to enhance Ming China’s prestige
It quickly ended after his death
NO CONQUESTS! Tribute visits only!
Oceania & Polynesia were little affected by European & Chinese voyages

8. What do I need to know? America-european relationship
American silver was taken by the Spanish and sent to China, via the Ottoman Empire!
European mercantilism exploited resources and colonies
European joint-stock companies were created to intensify competition in global trade
The Atlantic System mixed African, European & American goods and peoples

10. What do I need to know? Columbian exchange
Smallpox, measles, and flu come to the Americas
Mosquitos and rats do too!
Horses & pigs come to the Americas
African slaves bring okra & rice
Staple crops like potatoes & maize were exported to Europe & the Middle East
Population increase!
Cash crops like sugar & tobacco were grown on plantations with forced labor

12. What do I need to know? religion
Sunni-Shi’ite divisions intensified in the Middle East, Sufi practices increased as a response
The Reformation changed Christianity in Europe
Buddhism continues to spread into Korea & Japan
Sikhism develops in India as a syncretic blend of Islam & Hinduism (thanks to Delhi & Mughal rulers)

14. What do I need to know? RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance was an innovative time for artistic expression
Literacy expanded with the printing press and expanded cultural diffusion
More popular literature emerges such as Shakespeare’s plays & sonnets & the griots’ tale of Mali’s Sundiata

16. What do I need to know? Slavery & Labor systems
Peasant labor intensified in places like Russia and India
Slavery in Africa was not just about slave trade to the Americas…domestic slaves & soldier slaves were still very common in East Africa
Coerced labor characterized the Americas
Chattel slavery
Indentured servitude
Encomienda system (Spanish system)
Mita system (Spanish system)
Engenho (Portuguese system)

17. What do I need to know? Poli-economic systems
New political and economic elites emerge:
Creoles in New Spain
Gentry & Bourgeoisie in W. Europe
Existing elites found it more difficult to influence monarchs & leaders and therefore declined in power
Nobles in W. Europe
Daimyo in Japan

19. What do I need to know? Social Structures
Families and gender roles changed
Men were removed from Africa during the slave trade
European men took SE Asian wives as they conducted trade in the Indian Ocean
European family size decreased
Migrations of peoples resulted in new ethnic & racial groups (mestizo, creole, mulatto)

20. What do I need to know? State building
States consolidated and Empires expanded
Rulers used the arts and religious ideas to legitimize their rule
“divine right of kings” in Europe
Aztec use of human sacrifice
Forbidden City

22. What do I need to know? STATE bUILDING
States treated different ethnic and religious groups within the state in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge authority.
Ex. Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire
Manchu use of Chinese peasant labor

23. What do I need to know? gOVERNMENT
Bureaucratic elites & military professionals are commonly used to help control resources and populations.
Ottoman devshirme (janissary corps)
Civil service exams in Manchu China
Tribute collection and tax farming generate revenue for territorial expansion.
Aztec tributes
Ottoman tax farming (this doesn’t mean literally growing taxes!)

25. What do I need to know? Land based empires
Land-Based “Gunpowder” Empires
Manchu (Qing) China
Mughal India (Islamic rulers over Hindu populations)
Ottomans (Sunni Muslims)
Tsarist Russia

27. What do I need to know? Maritime EMpires
European Maritime Empires in the Americas:
Portuguese (Brazil)
Spanish (S. America, Mesoamerica, Caribbean, western N. America)
Dutch (Caribbean, New Amsterdam)
French (Canada, Mississippi River)
British (Atlantic seaboard of N. America)

29. What do I need to know? CONFLICTS
There was competition over trade routes that challenged state expansion
Pirates in the Caribbean
Ottoman/European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
Neighboring states rivaled each other
Thirty Years War in Europe
Sunni Ottomans fight Shi’ite Safavids
Local Resistance movements challenged states
Peasant uprisings in Russia