Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life Lesson 2:Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds Lesson 3:Compounds of LifeCompounds of Life Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

biomass polar molecule nonpolar molecule 10.1 Chemistry of Life

Elements of Life The elements you need to live are the same for all living things Chemistry of Life Over 96 percent of your body is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Biomass is the total mass of all living things.

The Carbon Cycle Plants obtain carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to make sugar molecules to store energy. Animals eat the plants or other animals to obtain carbon. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of breathing. When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Chemistry of Life

The Carbon Cycle (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life

The Nitrogen Cycle Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. Bacteria in the soil ‘fix’ nitrogen, changing it to a form that plants can take up through their roots. Plants use the nitrogen for building cells. Animals eat the plants and nitrogen is passed on. Nitrogen is also passed on when one animal eats another Chemistry of Life

The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.) The cycle is complete when decomposers break down dead organisms and return the nitrogen to the soil Chemistry of Life

The Phosphorus Cycle Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots. Consumers obtain phosphorus by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants Chemistry of Life

Water and Living Organisms Living organisms cannot survive without water. Essentially, all of life’s processes occur in a water mixture Chemistry of Life

Water and Life on Other Planets Water is a possible indicator of life on other planets Chemistry of Life

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water Water is a polar molecule—it has a positive and a negative end. A nonpolar molecule shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends Chemistry of Life

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.) Individual water molecules act like magnets. The positive end attracts the negative end of other water molecules. This weak bonding is known as hydrogen bonding Chemistry of Life

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life

Lesson 1 Review Which is one of the six elements that make up most of Earth’s biomass? Ahelium Biron Cnitrogen Dsodium 10.1 Chemistry of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review Water is a polar molecule because ____. Ait has a negative charge Bit has a covalent bond with unequal sharing of the electrons Cit has a positive charge Dit has an ionic bond 10.1 Chemistry of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 1 Review Where do plants obtain nitrogen for cellular activities? Afrom the air Bfrom decaying organisms Cfrom animal waste Dfrom nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil 10.1 Chemistry of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 1

organic compound hydrocarbon saturated hydrocarbon unsaturated hydrocarbon functional group amino acid 10.2 Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon. Organic molecules of various sizes, shapes, and chemical properties are based on carbon Carbon Compounds Not all compounds containing carbon are organic.

Carbon Bonds Carbon can form short chains, long chains, branched chains, and rings. Carbon is unique because it can form four covalent bonds Carbon Compounds How can models of carbon compounds be built?

Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms Carbon Compounds

Hydrocarbons (cont.) Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms Carbon Compounds

Substituted Hydrocarbons A functional group is a group of atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in organic compounds. Organic compounds that contain a functional group are called substituted hydrocarbons Carbon Compounds

Functional Groups 10.2 Carbon Compounds Substituted Hydrocarbons

Hydroxyl Group A hydroxyl group contains an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one another Carbon Compounds

Hydroxyl Group (cont.) Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group, –OH, added to the carbon. Functional groups change the properties of hydrocarbons Carbon Compounds

Carboxyl Group Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, –COOH, where the carbon is double-bonded to one of the oxygen atoms Carbon Compounds

Amino Group Amino groups contain a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, –NH 2. Compounds that contain the amino group are called amines Carbon Compounds

Amino Acids and Proteins Amino acids contain both an amino group and a carboxylic acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins make up living organisms and control many body functions Carbon Compounds

Shapes of Molecules Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like pyramids Carbon Compounds

Shapes of Molecules (cont.) Planar molecules are flat like sheets of paper Carbon Compounds

Shapes of Molecules (cont.) Linear molecules are arranged in a line Carbon Compounds

Lesson 2 Review Which of the following is the amino group? A–OH B–NH 2 C–COOH DCH Carbon Compounds 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review Which type of molecule is like a flat piece of paper? Aplanar Blinear Ccubic Dtetrahedral 10.2 Carbon Compounds 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 2 Review How many possible covalent bonds can carbon form? Aone Btwo Cthree Dfour 10.2 Carbon Compounds 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 2

10.3Compounds of Life polymer monomer synthetic polymer natural polymer biomolecule lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate

Polymers A polymer is a covalent compound of small, repeating units linked in a chain. A monomer is a small molecule that forms a link in a polymer chain Compounds of Life Synthetic polymers, such as plastic wrap, are polymers not found in nature.

Polymers (cont.) Natural polymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, contain carbon and are found in living organisms Compounds of Life

Biological Molecules The human body contains 60–80 percent water. The remaining parts are carbon and non- carbon compounds. Biomolecules are large organic molecules found in living organisms—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are biomolecules Compounds of Life

Biological Molecules (cont.) 10.3 Compounds of Life

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in plant and animal cells that store cellular information. Nucleic acids are composed of three parts—a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen group Compounds of Life

Nucleic Acids (cont.) Nucleotides are the monomers that compose DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are polymers formed from nucleotide monomers Compounds of Life

Lipids Lipids are used to store energy in cells and are part of cell membranes. –Lipids are nonpolar and don’t dissolve in water. –Lipids may be saturated or unsaturated if they contain double bonds Compounds of Life

Lipids (cont.) 10.3 Compounds of Life

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds used by cells to store and release energy. Complex carbohydrates are made from sugar monomers Compounds of Life

Carbohydrates (cont.) The three main types of complex carbohydrates are –Cellulose—found in wood and cotton fibers, –Starch—used by plants to store energy, and –Glycogen—used by animals to store energy Compounds of Life

Proteins Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acid monomers Compounds of Life

Proteins (cont.) Amino acids are composed of an amino group and a carboxylic acid and another group called a side chain. The side chain is the only thing that is different on the 20 kinds of amino acids and is known as the R-group. The amino acids that make up proteins have a specific arrangement for each protein Compounds of Life

Elements in the Human Body In addition to organic biomolecules, living organisms contain minerals, which are elements Compounds of Life

Lesson 3 Review Which is NOT found in an amino acid? Acarboxyl group Bhydroxyl group CR-group Damino group 10.3 Compounds of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review Plants use ____ to store energy, while animals use ____. Astarch; cellulose Bcellulose; glycogen Cstarch; glycogen Dglycogen; starch 10.3 Compounds of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Lesson 3 Review Which of the following is NOT a polymer? Acomplex carbohydrates Bproteins Cnucleic acids Dminerals 10.3 Compounds of Life 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP

A(n) ____ molecule has a positive and negative end because of unequal electron sharing. Aorganic Bpolar Cnonpolar Dcovalent Chapter Assessment 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Which is the largest source of carbon? Aatmosphere Bsoil Coceans Danimals Chapter Assessment 2 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Which contains the most hydrogen atoms? Aa water molecule Ba methane molecule Ca two carbon hydrocarbon that is saturated Da two carbon hydrocarbon that is unsaturated Chapter Assessment 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What are the building blocks of proteins? Asugars Bcarboxylic acids Camino acids Dhydroxyl groups Chapter Assessment 4 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule? Acarboxylic acid Bnucleic acid Clipid Dmineral Chapter Assessment 5 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Small, repeating molecules called ____ make up polymers. Aions Blipids Cmonomers Dnucleotides CA Standards Practice 1 SCI 3.c 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

What are the four most common elements found in living organisms? Acarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Bcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium Ccarbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen Dmagnesium, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen CA Standards Practice 2 SCI 6.b 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Carbon is important to life because of what unique property? AIt is polar. BIt is nonpolar. CIt forms ionic bonds. DIt can form four covalent bonds. CA Standards Practice 3 SCI 6.a 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Sodium chloride is a ____ required by living organisms. Alipid Bcomplex carbohydrate Cmineral Dnucleic acid CA Standards Practice 4 SCI 6.b 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

DNA and RNA are composed of ____. Afats Bnucleic acids Csimple carbohydrates Dcomplex carbohydrates CA Standards Practice 5 SCI 6.c 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

Image Bank

Interactive Table

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