APA Citations

APA Resources  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.)  APA help / tutorials:

When to Cite Ideas, theories, or research that directly influenced your work. Key background information, support or dispute your theory, or offer critical definitions or data. Document all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. For class assignments, use 1 or 2 of most representative sources for each key point. Literature reviews include more exhaustive lists of citation. See APA (6th ed.), p. 169

Two types of citations - In text citations and reference list citations

Text citation (paraphrased): McPherson (2007) raised issues of motivation in reading. Reference citation -- used in reference list: McPherson, K. (2007). Harry Potter and the goblet of motivation. Teacher Librarian, 34(4), 71. doi: / Text citation with direct quote: McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).

Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007). The website did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.). A couple of studies (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found.... [in alphabetical order] Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002, 2008; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b) See APA manual, pp Citing Resources in Text

When to Use Ampersands and Commas Stating vs. citing Quinlan and Bardeen (2007) published a definitive study on information literacy in higher education. but Information literacy needs to be integrated into the curriculum (Quinlan & Bardeen, 2007).

Stating vs. citing Quinlan and Bardeen (2007) published a definitive study on information literacy in higher education. but Information literacy needs to be integrated into the curriculum (Quinlan & Bardeen, 2007). Three or more authors cited, use commas Researchers (Creswell, Borg, & Allsop, 2004) have found that this is true. When to Use Ampersands and Commas

Citations in text: Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated Quinlan et al. (2008) observed (et al. is used after first use when there are three or more authors) Parenthetical citations in text: (Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008) (Quinlan et al., 2008) One work by six or more authors: Wienhorst et al. (2009) (Wienhorst et al., 2009) See APA manual, p. 177 Always use et al. for six or more authors for in-text citations.

Groups as Authors Citations in text: American Psychological Association [APA] (2009) stated… APA (2008) observed… Parenthetical citations in text: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009) (APA, 2008) See APA manual, p. 177

Test yourself 1.The research project (Smith, Brown, and Jones, no date) or 2.The research project (Smith, Brown, & Jones, n.d.) or 3. The research project (Smith, Brown, & Jones, no date) or 4. The research project (Smith, Brown, and Jones, n.d.)  1.Two research studies (APA, 2002; Barnes, 2005) or 2.Two research studies (Barnes, 2005; APA, 2002) 

Paraphrasing “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith, 2008, p. 212). When the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most all-encompassing reform in education the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2008). Direct quote Paraphrased More than 50% reworded APA manual, pp

“… victims of cyberterrorism” (Windhorst, 2004, p. 237). Krankenstein (2006) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48). Lynch (2007) stated, “The findings are not valid” (p. 22) but later maintained that other studies reached different conclusions. …in a dictionary (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001, p. 346). See APA, Chapter 6, p When using a direct quote, provide the page #:

The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized the essential content of the paper. In midsentence Block quote Students at Chamberlain College of Nursing have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a shot [sic] title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342) Quotes must be introduced Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments” (p. 34). At end of a sentence Use a colon if there is a complete introductory phrase. See APA, pp. 92, 171 quotes

The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and “should summarize the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2009, p. 34). Direct quote for less than 40 words: Block quote (more than 40 words): Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342) Callahan (2001), however, says …. (NOTE: FSEHS uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.) Note where the periods go! APA manual, p. 92

Text Cites of Electronic Resources In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7). “The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival, Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative Research,” para. 5). See APA (6th ed.), p. 172 Use name of section. Use shortened title in quotation marks.

1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented”. or 2.MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34). or 3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented.” (p. 34) 

Secondary Sources Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) … Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud. Psychological Review, 100, Text citation: List the full-text article you read in the reference list entry:

How to Cite a Journal Article in the Ref List

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), Author(s) See APA (6th ed,), p. 184 Initials, not first names. No title Ampersand (&), not the word and Comma before the ampersand.

Names Do not include titles Arguellos, S., Ph.D. (2007). Bucher, J., Dr. (2005). In the reference list, one space between initials Brown, J. D. (2003). If author’s first name is hyphenated, retain hyphen Chin, E.-F., Barry, B., & Wilson, H. W. APA (6th ed.), p. 184

More than seven authors Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R. Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., … Obata, H. (2007). The greening of America. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(4), See APA manual, pp. 184, 198 When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’ names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s name. …

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), Year of publication See APA (6th ed.), p. 185 Enclosed in parentheses Period after the parentheses No month or day if the publication is a journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or newspaper article.

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), Article title See APA (6th ed.), p. 185 Only first word in title and subtitle should be be capitalized as well as any proper names. A period at the end of the title. Only one space after the period, not two.

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), Journal title See APA manual, pp Journal title should have all important words capitalized. It is italicized The journal title is followed by a comma

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), Volume, issue, and page number(s) See APA manual, p. 186 The volume number is italicized There should be no space between the volume number and issue number Enclose issue number in parentheses and follow by a comma Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles.

Pagination by Issue or Continuous Pagination Only include the volume and issue number when the journal is paginated by issue number rather than continuously throughout the volume. Always include both. APA (6th ed.), p. 186 Journal of Reading Volume

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend, 24(3), doi: / Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online: DOI number Preferred: If the database has a Digital Object Identifier that functions as a unique identifier of the content and a link to the content, then use that. If no doi is found, then citation ends with the period after the page number

Formatting of DOI Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), doi: / Do not capitalize doi, and do not include a space before or after the colon. Break the number before most punctuation (APA manual, p. 192) Do not include a period after the DOI number.

Example of a DOI

Use the DOI to link to full text Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), doi: / (2006/048)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Place and publisher Use DC, not D.C. (U.S. postal abbreviation for states) Use Author if the name of the publisher is the same as the author Book Citation

Location and Publisher Info Use state abbreviations: FL, TX, NY, CA, DC All cities now include state abbreviation: –Baltimore, MD –Boston, MA –Chicago, IL –Los Angeles, CA –New York, NY –Philadelphia, PA –San Francisco, CA Leave off superfluous terms: –Publishers –Co. or Company –Inc. Retain the words: –Books –Press For example: Erlbaum, John Wiley, University of Toronto Press, Penguin Books See APA (6th ed.), p. 187

References Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2006). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, doi: / Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp ). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2009). Introductory concepts in information science. doi: / O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2008). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag. Page entitled References Hanging indentations Single space in citations Double space between citations Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order, then by date 32 References Page centered

In Word 2003, font size is already set. Click on EDIT from the menu to use Paste Special, then select Unformatted Text.

Hanging Indentations in Word 2003 In Indents and Spacing Go to the Special section. Select Hanging.

Alphabetizing the Reference List in Word 2003 Go to Table. Select Sort. Click OK.

In Word 2007, 1) select No Spacing, 2) adjust font & size 3) use Paste Special, and 4) select Unformatted Text to copy and paste easier. 1.

Hanging Indentations in Word 2007

More to come…