HAP Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (appearances, locations and relationships of body parts). (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”)

Theme: Structure determines function

Theme: Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct any changes – Receptors - provide information about stimuli – Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) – Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostasis

Negative Feedback – A Variation outside the normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation Example: Temperature regulation

Homeostasis Positive Feedback – The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus Example: Blood clot formation, child birth, histamine response

Disease When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction, and the individual experiences symptoms of illness.

Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position – Superior versus Inferior – Anterior versus Posterior – Medial versus Lateral – Proximal versus Distal – Superficial versus Deep

Body Sections

Sections of Cylindrical Organs Cross Section Oblique Section Longitudinal Section

Anatomical Subdivisions

Body Regions

Body Cavities Peritoneal Cavity

Body Cavities Peritoneal Cavity

3 Serous membranes in the body cavities Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Describe Location

Two terms to describe positions of membranes Visceral (Surrounds the organ) Parietal (Lines the cavity)

Pericardial Cavity Serous Membrane Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium

Pleural Cavity Serous Membrane Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura

Peritoneal Cavity Serous Membrane Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum