Cell Structure Chapter 7.2

A Factory

Cell Organization Central control - Nucleus Organelles that store, clean up, and support – Vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles Organelles that build proteins – Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies Organelles that capture and release energy – Chloroplasts, Mitochondria Cellular boundaries – Cell wall, cell membrane ature=fvwrel

Nucleus and Cytoplasm ____________ = the gel stuff inside the cell but outside the nucleus

Nucleus and Cytoplasm Cytoplasm = the gel stuff inside the cell but outside the nucleus

Organelles “_____________” – structures in the eukaryotic cell that have a specific function – Many are membrane-bound

Organelles “Little organs” – structures in the eukaryotic cell that have a specific function – Many are membrane-bound

Nucleus Contains __________ – instructions for making the proteins of the cell – Nuclear membrane – 1000s of pores – Chromosomes are usually spread out in invisibly thin threads throughout the nucleus – chromatin – Nucleolus – dense area of nucleus

Nucleus Contains DNA – instructions for making the proteins of the cell – Nuclear membrane – 1000s of pores – Chromasomes are usually spread out in invisibly thin threads throughout the nucleus – chromatin – Nucleolus – dense area of nucleus – this is where ribosomes are made

Organelles that: Store – vacuoles and vesicles Clean up – lysosomes Support - cytoskeleton

Vacuoles and Vesicles Store materials like water, salts, carbohydrates, proteins ________________in plants is full of water (rigidity) --- decreased water = wilting _________________of a paramecium collects and excretes excess water Vesicles hold products after production

Vacuoles and Vesicles Store materials like water, salts, carbohydrates, proteins Central vacuole in plants is full of water (rigidity) --- decreased water = wilting Contractile vacuole of a paramecium collects and excretes excess water Vesicles hold products after production

Central Vacuole

Lysosomes Organelles full of _____________ ________________lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins for use ______________organelles that are no longer useful

Lysosomes Organelles full of enzymes Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins for use Break down organelles that are no longer useful

Cytoskeleton Protein filaments that give _________ and ______________________to cells – Microfilaments – Microtubules – important in cell division (centrioles in animal cells) Structure of cilia and flagella – 9+2 arrangement

Cytoskeleton Protein filaments that give shape and internal movement to cells – Microfilaments – Microtubules – important in cell division (centrioles in animal cells) Structure of cilia and flagella – 9+2 arrangement

Organelles that Build Proteins __________ – assemble proteins ____________________ – assemble proteins and lipids (some for export) __________________– modify, sort, and package proteins from the ER for storage or release

Organelles that Build Proteins Ribosomes – assemble proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum – assemble proteins and lipids (some for export) Golgi apparatus – modify, sort, and package proteins from the ER for storage or release

Ribosomes Where proteins are assembled, following the coded instructions in DNA If a cell does a lot of protein synthesis, it will probably have a lot of _________________

Ribosomes Where proteins are assembled, following the coded instructions in DNA If a cell does a lot of protein synthesis, it will probably have a lot of ribosomes

Ribosomes Made in the nucleolus May be free-floating in the cytoplasm – Make proteins for use inside the cell May be attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum – Make proteins for export Ribosomes on Rough ER Ribosomes in cytoplasm Nucleolus- where ribosomes are made

Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER - assemble ______ for cell membranes Rough ER – has ribosomes attached - assemble ______ for export

Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth ER - assemble lipids for cell membranes Rough ER – has ribosomes attached - assemble proteins for export

Golgi Apparatus A stack of flattened membranes Finishing and modifying proteins from the ER Vesicles “bud” off the Golgi apparatus, carrying small packages of protein to their destination

Organelles that capture and release energy ____________ – capture energy from the sun by photosynthesis – found only in plants ______________ – “power-plants of the cell” – Metabolism – convert food energy (glucose) into a form the cell can use (ATP)

Organelles that capture and release energy Chloroplasts – capture energy from the sun by photosynthesis – found only in plants Mitochondria – “power-plants of the cell” – Metabolism – convert food energy (glucose) into a form the cell can use (ATP)

Chloroplasts Plants only Location of __________________ Double membrane

Chloroplasts Plants only Location of photosynthesis Double membrane

Mitochondria Have an outer membrane and an inner, folded membrane (folds are called christae) Site of cellular respiration - conversion of ___ ________________ to something more usable – Also use of oxygen and production of CO 2

Mitochondria Have an outer membrane and an inner, folded membrane (folds are called christae) Site of cellular respiration - conversion of food energy to something more usable – Also use of oxygen and production of CO 2

Cellular Boundaries Cell walls – _________________________ Cell membranes – ___________________

Cellular Boundaries Cell walls – plants and most prokaryotes Cell membranes – all cells

Cell Walls Support, shape, and protect cell Lie outside the cell membrane Porous – water, O 2, CO 2 pass through easily

Cell Membranes Regulate what enters and exits cell Protect and support Structure is ___________________________ – Inner lipids (fats) are water-tight Proteins imbedded in the membrane provide channels for transport in and out of the cell

Cell Membranes Regulate what enters and exits cell Protect and support Structure is phospholipid bilayer – Inner lipids (fats) are water-tight Proteins imbedded in the membrane provide channels for transport in and out of the cell

Cell Membranes Fluid mosaic model – constantly moving Semi-permeable or selectively permeable – Some things can move across and some cannot, depending on the molecule: size, charge, etc. – One familiar semi-permeable membrane is the membrane of an egg – allows water to pass but not large protein or sugar molecules

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What three organelles are involved in protein synthesis and transport?

Where are ribosomes made?

Draw a cell with 8 of the 11 organelles and label them

How are the mitochondria and the chloroplasts similar? How are they different?

What is in the nucleus?

What is in lysosomes? What is it for?

What are the differenced between rough ER and smooth ER?