Ch. 21: Civil Rights Notes – Part I

The Segregation System Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow Laws Laws from the 1800s enforce segregation Laws from the 1800s enforce segregation WWII helped end segregation WWII helped end segregation New jobs during WWII for African-Americans New jobs during WWII for African-Americans 700,000 blacks had served in WWII 700,000 blacks had served in WWII During WWII, FDR outlawed racial discrimination in all federal agencies and war- related companies During WWII, FDR outlawed racial discrimination in all federal agencies and war- related companies

School Segregation in the South School Segregation in the South Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) case ruled that “separate but equal” was OK Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) case ruled that “separate but equal” was OK The Desegregation Fight The Desegregation Fight Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall Lawyer for the NAACP Represented the desegregation case in Brown v. Board of Education (1952) Segregation Ruled Unconstitutional Supreme Court rules segregation is unconstitutional (1954)

Brown vs. Board of Education

Thurgood Marshall – NAACP Lawyer and Supreme Court Justice

Ch. 21: Civil Rights Notes – Part II

School Desegregation Resistance to School Segregation Resistance to School Segregation Most whites in the South strongly oppose school integration Most whites in the South strongly oppose school integration Many claimed that NAACP and civil rights movement were Communists Many claimed that NAACP and civil rights movement were Communists The “Little Rock Nine” The “Little Rock Nine” Little Rock, Arkansas high school Little Rock, Arkansas high school Nine black students enrolled and braved threats Nine black students enrolled and braved threats

Students being escorted by the U.S. Army to Central High, in Little Rock, Arkansas

Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine

The Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks and the Boycott Rosa Parks and the Boycott December, 1955 – Parks refuses to sit in back of a bus December, 1955 – Parks refuses to sit in back of a bus Black community launches boycott of bus riding Black community launches boycott of bus riding Boycott lasts over 1 year Boycott lasts over 1 year 1956, Supreme Court orders an end to segregated buses 1956, Supreme Court orders an end to segregated buses

Rosa Parks

African-American churches supported the movement African-American churches supported the movement 26 years old - becomes the leader of the bus boycott 26 years old - becomes the leader of the bus boycott King is elected leader of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) King is elected leader of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK felt that non-violence was the key, like Gandhi in India MLK felt that non-violence was the key, like Gandhi in India Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ch. 21: Civil Rights Notes – Part III

Protests: Sit-ins The First Sit-ins The First Sit-ins Four students sit-in at a “white only” lunch counter in N. Carolina Four students sit-in at a “white only” lunch counter in N. Carolina Student groups organize around the South Student groups organize around the South SNCC SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organizes sit- ins and other protests Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organizes sit- ins and other protests

Freedom Rides & Demonstrations Freedom Riders Freedom Riders Many states refuse to desegregate buses Many states refuse to desegregate buses Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) goes on bus trips from D.C. through the South Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) goes on bus trips from D.C. through the South Many arrested – white and black Many arrested – white and black Buses and riders attacked Buses and riders attacked

Birmingham, AL 1963, MLK and SCLC plan demonstrations 1963, MLK and SCLC plan demonstrations Birmingham targeted as it was most segregated Birmingham targeted as it was most segregated Police chief Eugene “Bull” Connor resists Police chief Eugene “Bull” Connor resists MLK arrested, President JFK calls to offer support, get King released MLK arrested, President JFK calls to offer support, get King released King writes his famous “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” King writes his famous “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”

Ch. 21: Civil Rights Notes – Part IV

Malcolm X Dissatisfaction with Black Leadership Dissatisfaction with Black Leadership By mid-1960s, some were disappointed with results By mid-1960s, some were disappointed with results Malcolm X converts to Islam in prison Malcolm X converts to Islam in prison Ridiculed King’s optimism Ridiculed King’s optimism X supported blacks creating their own businesses, political parties, media, and even use of violence X supported blacks creating their own businesses, political parties, media, and even use of violence 1965, assassinated, most likely by the Nation of Islam 1965, assassinated, most likely by the Nation of Islam

Malcolm X – “Who are you?”

Urban Riots and Radicalism Mid-1960s, many northern city residents felt conditions not improving Mid-1960s, many northern city residents felt conditions not improving Poor African-Americans in cities riot from in 58 cities Poor African-Americans in cities riot from in 58 cities Watts, L.A. Watts, L.A. Detroit, SF, Harlem, Chicago Detroit, SF, Harlem, Chicago 141 people killed, 5,000 injured 141 people killed, 5,000 injured Most were blacks by police, National Guard, and U.S. Army Most were blacks by police, National Guard, and U.S. Army

Watts Riots

The Watts Riots of 1965

The Kerner Commission The Kerner Commission President Johnson creates commission to investigate Watts Riot President Johnson creates commission to investigate Watts Riot Report states that racism, in local police forces to blame for 50% of rioting Report states that racism, in local police forces to blame for 50% of rioting King Assassinated King Assassinated Killed by James Earl Ray in 1968 Killed by James Earl Ray in 1968 Riots in 125 cities Riots in 125 cities

Assassination of MLK

Ch. 21: Civil Rights Notes – Part V

Shift to Radicalism Black Power Movement Black Power Movement Many blacks embraced separatism (racial separation) in the late 1960s Many blacks embraced separatism (racial separation) in the late 1960s Felt the non-violent tactics were not working Felt the non-violent tactics were not working Stokely Carmichael Stokely Carmichael Becomes head of the SNCC Becomes head of the SNCC Carmichael wanted to exclude whites from SNCC Carmichael wanted to exclude whites from SNCC

The Black Panthers Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, CA Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, CA Traveled in groups, followed police to make sure they weren’t harassing Traveled in groups, followed police to make sure they weren’t harassing FBI raids Panther offices, brings down the party FBI raids Panther offices, brings down the party

Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement By the early 1970s, incidents of violence declined By the early 1970s, incidents of violence declined More focus on busing black students into white school areas (integration) More focus on busing black students into white school areas (integration) More black students go to college More black students go to college Majority of Americans now feel equality is right and fair Majority of Americans now feel equality is right and fair Similar movements impacted other sub- movements Similar movements impacted other sub- movements American Indian Movement (AIM) American Indian Movement (AIM) Women’s Rights Movements Women’s Rights Movements National Organization for Women (NOW) National Organization for Women (NOW) Cesar Chavez and migrant workers movement (UFW) Cesar Chavez and migrant workers movement (UFW)

Civil Rights Legacies