SOL WHII. 14.  British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new.

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SOL WHII. 14

 British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian sub- continent.  The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after the country gained independence.

 Indian sub-continent  British India  India  Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)  Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)  Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)

 British rule in India

 Indian National Congress

 Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi

 Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance

 Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines and Pakistan-India

 Republic of India  World’s largest democratic nation  Federal system, giving many powers to the states

 Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization.

 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination.

 Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation.

 New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.

 The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial populations the right to self-determination.  Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.

 Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)

 Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II

 Pride in African cultures and heritage

 Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation

 Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

 West Africa: Peaceful transition

 Algeria: War of Independence from France

 Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta

 South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa

 The mandate system established after World War I was phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.

 Established by the League of Nations  Granted independence after World War II  Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

 Syria  Lebanon

 Jordan (originally Transjordan)  Palestine (a part became independent as the State of Israel)

 Prime Minister of Israel  After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War  Sought support of United States

 President of Egypt  Nationalized Suez Canal  Established relationship with Soviet Union  Built Aswan High Dam