1. UNIT 10: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS AND THE MODERN WORLD

2. Standard WHII 14A Essential Questions: -Who was the leader of the Indian independence movement and what tactics did he use? -What were the outcomes of the Indian independence movement?

3. self-rule sub-continent British policies and the demand for self-rule led to the rise of the Indian independence movement, resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian sub-continent. The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed after independence

4. REGIONAL SETTING FOR THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT British India -Indian sub-continent (British India) -Pakistan (former West Pakistan) Bangladesh -Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) former Ceylon -Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)

6. EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN INDEPENDECE MOVEMENT British rule in India -British rule in India -Since the 1600’s with the influence of the British East Indies Company. Suez Canal -Sepoy Mutiny of 1857/ Suez Canal / Jewel in the crown maintain control over their empire -After WWII Britain could no longer maintain control over their empire

8. -Indian National Congress Indian nationalism -Political party founded in 1885 being primarily motivated by Indian nationalism democratic methods -The major goal was Indian self-rule gradually by democratic methods -Felt that Britain was stripping them of their natural resources until Independence -Movement gains support through the years until Independence

9. the Mahatma -Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi (the Mahatma) peaceful protests -Nationalist leader who employed peaceful protests civil disobedience -Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance 1930 Salt March -1930 Salt March: To created their own salt to protest the British imposed salt tax He was arrested. -Began 240 mile march a coastal town. Thousands joined on the way. He was arrested.

11. partitioned -India finally gets independence August 15, 1947 and is partitioned Hindu-Muslim -Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines assassination of Gandhi -East and West Pakistan for Muslims/ India for Hindus -Mass migrations and deadly clashes including assassination of Gandhi

12. -Republic of India largest democratic nation - World’s largest democratic nation (1.2+ billion) /high poverty levels -Federal system gives many powers to the state West Pakistan independence -East Pakistan no longer wanted to be under the control of West Pakistan (who had the wealth, people and power) declared independence 1971 Sri Lanka -Ceylon renamed in 1971 renamed Sri Lanka

14. INDIAN DEMOCRACY prime minister western -Jawaharlal Nehru – first prime minister of India, a close associate of Gandhi, however supported western style industrialization caste discrimination -1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination democratic nation -Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation

15. -New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nations struggle over Kashmir -Conflicts to this day between Pakistan and India (struggle over Kashmir) -Majority of people Muslim/ Nehru from Kashmir, supported with Hindu Indian troops even UN intervention -Many fights and clashes and even UN intervention

17. Standard WHII 14B Essential Questions: -Why did independence movements in Africa gain success after WWII? -What was Kenyatta’s leadership role in Kenya? -What was Nelson Mandela’s leadership role in South Africa?

18. self-determination The charter of the UN guaranteed colonial populations the right to self-determination. Independence movements in Africa challenged European imperialism.

19. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA -Right to self-determination (UN charter) -"To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self- determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace.”

20. Peaceful -Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII cultures and heritage -Pride in African cultures and heritage -Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation -Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal. during the Cold War -Influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

22. EXAMPLES OF INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS -West Africa- Peaceful transition (Ghana) from France -Algeria – War for Independence from France

24. Kenyatta -Kenya (Britain) – Violent struggle under leadership of Kenyatta -Jomo Kenyatta leader of independence movement Arrested -Arrested for Mau Mau violent uprising President -Became PM and then President in 1964

26. against apartheid was jailed -South Africa – Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, a leader in an anti-apartheid group, was jailed racial segregation -South African independence in 1948 but still faced apartheid (racial segregation)Ended 1990 Republic of South Africa -Mandela became the first black President of the Republic of South Africa in 1994.

28. Standard WHII 14C Essential Questions: -What were the results of the UN’s decision to end the mandate system in terms of states created (locations) and their subsequent problems?) -What was the role of Golda Meir and Gamal Abdul Nasser in the creation of the states in the Middle East?

29. mandate system new states The mandate system established after WWI was phased out after WWII. With the end of the mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.

30. MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST League of Nations -Established by the League of Nations after WWII -Granted independence after WWII Middle East -Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

31. FRENCH MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST -Syria and Lebanon

32. BRITISH MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST - Jordan (originally Transjordan) -Palestine (part became independent as the state of Israel)

33. Jewish homeland -British government had pledged support for a Jewish homeland / gained support after the holocaust. (Zionism) Partition -Partition of Israel / Jewish and Muslim Jewish portion of Palestine -1948 Jewish portion of Palestine became Israel, pushing previous inhabitants, primarily Muslims, out.

35. Jewish state declared - May 14, 1948, Jewish state declared the UN partition plan -First Arab-Israeli War. Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq attack Israel, refusing to accept the UN partition plan more land -Israel wins many wars and gains more land than originally held

37. GOLDA MEIR first female - 4 th Prime Minister of Israel (first female) 1969-1974 Yom Kippur War -After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War (4 th Arab-Israeli War) Munich Olympics -Issued secret retaliation against the killers of Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics of 1972 United States -Sought support of the United States

39. GAMAL ABDUL NASSER President - Second President of Egypt (1956-1970) Soviet Union the USSR -Established relationship with the Soviet Union. US was willing to offer support for a dam, but withdrew the offer when Nasser began to negotiate with the USSR Suez Canal Reacting to this he nationalized the Suez Canal which threatened passage for England, France and Israel

40. important waterway -“Suez Crisis -1956” England, France and Israel did not like having a Soviet ally in control of such an important waterway. threatened to cut off aid -They invaded Egypt / Eisenhower feared USSR involvement so he threatened to cut off aid to England and France / They both pulled back. European imperialism -Seen as the final defeat of European imperialism

42. Aswan High Dam -Nasser built Aswan High Dam to help control the floods of the Nile and would create hydroelectric power. bottom of the reservoir -Negatives : 90,000 peasants had to move / the rich silt that used to deposit itself with the Nile floods is now at the bottom of the reservoir, Lake Nasser

44. Standard WHII 16A Essential Questions: -What are some challenges faced by the contemporary world? -What new technologies have created opportunities and challenges?

45. ethnic and religious conflict Both developed and developing nations face many challenges. These include migrations, ethnic and religious conflict and new technologies.

46. Migrations of refugees and others -Refugees as an issue in international conflicts People forced to leave their homeland -People forced to leave their homeland guest workers -Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities poverty issues -Many new immigrants, legal and illegal, come to the US and W Europe due to poverty issues in their homeland

47. Ethnic and religious conflicts -Middle East (Arab Spring, anti- government protests) Northern Ireland -Northern Ireland invaded by England Northern Ireland 1998 Peace treaty signed -Ireland = Roman Catholic -1500’s invaded by England. Catholics could not hold office or have any rights -1921 Ireland declared itself free -Northern Ireland wanted to stay part of Great Britain due to its Protestant Majority) -Acts of violence and terror between the IRA and Northern Ireland -1998 Peace treaty signed

49. -Balkans former satellite nations -Different ethnic/ religious groups in former satellite nations wanting independence (Serbs, Croats in the Yugoslav wars) Horn of Africa -Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia) wars and border disputes -Famine, drought, starvation / arms dealing / wars and border disputes / warlords

51. -South Asia are from this region -Malaria, poverty, malnutrition (50% of all babies born underweight, are from this region)

52. Impact of new technologies be fixed over time Some believe that new technologies bring new problems, while others believe the problems will be fixed over time -Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications has internet access (Example: only around 10% of the population of Brazil has internet access)

53. -Genetic engineering and bioethics Ethical questions arise from new technology in many fields Bioethics: Ethical questions arise from new technology in many fields (Example: stem cell research, abortion, cloning, assisted suicide, genetic engineered foods)

55. Standard WHII 16B Essential Questions: -How does the developing world compare with the developed world in terms of economic, social and population characteristics? -What impact are economic development and rapid population growth having on the environment -What are the links between economic development and political freedom?

56. Developed and developing nations are characterized by different levels of economic development, population characteristics and social conditions. Economic development and the rapid growth of population are having an impact on the environment. Sound economic conditions contribute to a stable democracy and political freedom helps foster economic development. -Developing examples exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America. They lack modern technology: industrial, agricultural, educational and medical technology

57. Environmental challenges oil spills, consumer waste, smoke and smog -Pollution (oil spills, consumer waste, smoke and smog) deforestation) -Loss of habitat (animals nearing extinction due to deforestation) -Global climate change

58. Contrast between developed and developing nations - Geographic locations of major developed and developing countries Economic conditions -Economic conditions -Social conditions (literacy, access to health care) rate of growth -Population size and rate of growth

59. Factors affecting environment and society -Economic development -Rapid population growth

60. Social challenges Illiteracy Migration - Poverty -Poor health -Illiteracy -Famine -Migration

61. Relationship between economic and political freedom -Free market economies produce rising standards of living and an expanding middle class, which produces growing demands for political freedoms and individual rights. Recent examples include Taiwan and South Korea. (Arab Spring)

62. Standard WHII 16C Essential Questions: -How is economic interdependence changing the world?

63. financial resources Countries are increasingly dependent on each other for raw materials, markets and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nations.

64. Economic Interdependence computer networks -Role of rapid transportation, communication and computer networks.

65. multinational corporations -Rise and influence of multinational corporations (Corporation that manages production or delivers services in more than one country) automobiles -Example: automobiles rarely come from one country: Toyota (also, Wal-Mart, McDonald’s etc.)

67. international boundaries -Changing role of international boundaries eliminate trade barriers -Regional integrations (European Union) one currency accepted in many European nations to make ease of consumerism. This helps eliminate trade barriers.

68. -Trade agreements : North American Free Trade Agreement – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) agreement between USA, Canada and Mexico working towards a single market without trade barriers international trade -World Trade Organization (WTO) formed under the UN to set up rules for international trade

69. -International organizations United Nations (UN) -United Nations (UN) -International Monetary Fund (IMF) formed under the UN : monetary cooperation, financial stability, international trade, high employment economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

70. Standard WHI I16D Essential Questions: -What are examples of international terrorism that have impacted developed and developing nations? -How has terrorism impacted developed and developing nations in the contemporary world?

71. religious extremism Both developed and developing nations have problems that are brought about by inequities in their social, cultural and economic systems. Some people choose to deal with these unequal conditions through the use of terrorist activities. Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons. A major cause of terrorism is religious extremism.

72. Examples of International Terrorism -Munich Olympics Black September terrorist group - 1972- 11 Israeli athletes were taken hostage and killed by 8 Palestinian guerillas from the Black September terrorist group at the Summer Olympic Games in Munich

73. 9/11/2001 -Terrorist attacks in the US (9/11/2001) military landmarks Capitol building 3,000 -American financial and military landmarks under attack (Twin Towers of the WTC in NY, the Pentagon in VA, and one more flight, downed in Shanksville, PA, due to four courageous passengers, was headed for the Capitol building in DC. Around 3,000 dead.

74. Osama bin Laden -Motivated by Islamic extremism (Osama bin Laden) Al-Qaeda -Previous acts of terror by Al-Qaeda (WTC bombings, USS Cole)

75. crashing planes -Car bombings -Suicide bombers -Airline hijackers (at the peak in the 1970’s)Similar to 9/11 but without the intention of crashing planes

76. Governmental responses to terrorist activities Homeland Security -Surveillance and privacy rights (ex. Patriot Act, Guantanamo Bay, Dept. of Homeland Security) -Security at ports and airports -ID badges and photos

77. NO MORE NEW INFO!!!!!!