Decolonization, Nationalism, and The Rise of New Nations The 20 th Century

Overview The Great War and the Great Depression defined much of the turmoil in the years after WWI European nations still appeared to dominate global relations but the Great War had opened holes within the Western spheres of influence. Beneath colonial surfaces nationalist and communist opposition grew In the post-war period resistance to colonial rule and desire for nationalism was stronger than ever. Especially true in China and India where visions of national identity competed.

Decolonization The process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood Between WWI and WWII movements for independence began in earnest in Africa and Asia In 1945—51 countries in the UN and today—193 Decolonization occurred within the context of the Cold War 1 st World—US and its Allies, the West 2 nd World—USSR and its Allies, the Communist world 3 rd World—newly independent nations, former colonies, non-aligned

Global Events Influential in Decolonization Imperialism Growing Nationalism World War I World War II Cold War

Before WWI

World War I

Every African colony took part in WWI (except Spanish colonies) Germany vs. Brit, France, Portugal, Italy, Belgium 1 million African soldiers fought for their colonizer Forced to sign up for military service Witnessed “whites” killing “whites” Ordered to kill “whites” Locals filled posts left by colonial powers Financial strain on the empire

After WWI Many European administrators had left their colonies to fight in Europe ◦ Revolts and uprisings  Angered about forced military service  Angered about colonial rule  Inspired by larger movements in other countries Also angered about economic system ◦ Africans forced to work in agriculture/mines ◦ Trade raw materials for Europ. made finished materials ◦ Paid low wages or force labor ◦ Heavy taxation ◦ Promises of self-determination in 14 Points went unfulfilled ◦ Growth of Pan-Africanism

Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and as a result of the global depression Costs of empire was too high US support of anti-colonial liberation movements Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” Soviets condemned colonialism World War II

Atlantic Charter, 1941

Cold War Provided inspiration a blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). Encouraged a violent option for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.

Process of Decolonization and Nation-Building Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. Four patterns: 1. Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) 2. Independence through armed struggle (Algeria and Vietnam) 3. Civil War (China) 4. Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine and South Africa)