Male Reproductive Anatomy (Front View)

Male Reproductive Anatomy (Side View)

Female Reproductive Anatomy (Front View)

Female Reproductive Anatomy (Side View)

Spermatogenesis

Primordial germ cell in embryo 2n2n 2n2n 2n2n n n n n n n n n n n

Anatomy of Spermatozoon

Oogenesis (Expanded View) Ovary

Oogenesis (Expanded View) Primordial germ cell Mitotic divisions 2n2n 2n2n n n n n

Anatomy of Ovum

Spermatogenesis v. Oogenesis

– – – Hormonal Control in Males

Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone Stimulated by high levels of estradiol Inhibited by low levels of estradiol Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior pituitary FSH LH Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH FSH FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow LH surge triggers ovulation Ovarian cycle Growing follicle Maturing follicle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase (a) (b) (c) Days | | ||| | || – – + Hormonal Control in Females (Expanded View)

Ovarian hormones in blood Peak causes LH surge Estradiol level very low Estradiol Progesterone Ovulation Progesterone and estra- diol promote thickening of endometrium Uterine (menstrual) cycle Endometrium | | || | | || Days 15 Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phaseSecretory phase (d) (e) Hormonal Control in Females (Expanded View)

Ovary Uterus Endometrium (a) From ovulation to implantation (b) Implantation of blastocyst Inner cell mass Cavity Endo- metrium

Hormones During Pregnancy

Maternal Fetal Blood Flow

Placental Crossing Maternal Blood to Fetal Blood (Supply) Fetal Blood to Maternal Blood (Excretion)

+ +

3 2 1 Birthing Process

MaleFemale Method Event Method Production of sperm Production of primary oocytes Sperm transport down male duct system Oocyte development and ovulation Sperm deposited in vagina Capture of the oocyte by the oviduct Sperm movement through female reproductive tract Transport of oocyte in oviduct Meeting of sperm and oocyte in oviduct Union of sperm and egg Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium Methods Of Birth Control

In-Vitro Fertilization

Ethics of In-Vitro Fertilization Advantages of IVF: there are as many reasons for this treatment as there are people seeking this treatment. Disadvantages of IVF: