Unit Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi Micro-slides

Viruses and Bacteria

Viral Cycles

Virus Particles exiting cell

Types of Viruses Retrovirus- Contains RNA strands instead of DNA Retrovirus- Contains RNA strands instead of DNA HIV HIV Tumor Viruses Tumor Viruses Plant Viruses: First virus to be discovered was the tobacco mosaic virus which infects tobacco leaves Plant Viruses: First virus to be discovered was the tobacco mosaic virus which infects tobacco leaves

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Bacteria May photosynthesize or chemo synthesize May photosynthesize or chemo synthesize All prokaryotic All prokaryotic All unicellular All unicellular

Identifying Bacteria Two Ways Two Ways Gram Stain: Bacteria cell wall can turn purple with the stain. (Gram Positive) Or wall can turn pink (Gram Negative). Important to determine what kind of antibiotic will kill the bacteria. Gram Stain: Bacteria cell wall can turn purple with the stain. (Gram Positive) Or wall can turn pink (Gram Negative). Important to determine what kind of antibiotic will kill the bacteria. Shape: Three primary kinds Shape: Three primary kinds

cocci, bacilli, spirilli

Flagellated Bacteria

Streptococcus: organized in chains

Staphylococcus (organized similar to cluster of grapes)

Types of Reproduction Binary Fission: Asexual. Cell splits in two cells identical to the first. Binary Fission: Asexual. Cell splits in two cells identical to the first. Conjugation: Sexual. Bacteria cells joined by being connected to thin strands of pili and transfers DNA creating new combination. Conjugation: Sexual. Bacteria cells joined by being connected to thin strands of pili and transfers DNA creating new combination.

Endospores:

Bacteria benefits and harm Farming: converts nitrogen to nitrogen containing compounds that plants are able to use. Farming: converts nitrogen to nitrogen containing compounds that plants are able to use. Medicine: some bacteria produces antiobiotics to kill other bacteria. Others help fight off other harmful organisms and helps the digestion process. Medicine: some bacteria produces antiobiotics to kill other bacteria. Others help fight off other harmful organisms and helps the digestion process. Food: helps with flavor and texture of certain foods; pickles, sauerkraut, yogurt, cheese Food: helps with flavor and texture of certain foods; pickles, sauerkraut, yogurt, cheese Major decomposers: able to break down complex molecules to simple molecules to reuse again. Major decomposers: able to break down complex molecules to simple molecules to reuse again.

Kingdom Protista Protozoans and Algae

Two Groups Of Kingdom Protista Protozoans: Animal-like Protozoans: Animal-like Unicellular Unicellular Heterotrophic and some may be autotrophic Heterotrophic and some may be autotrophic Heterotrophic ones ingest food Heterotrophic ones ingest food Classified based on their mobility or movement Classified based on their mobility or movement Eukaryotic** Eukaryotic**

Amoeba use pseudopods (false feet)

Ciliates: Ex=Paramecium move by short hair-like structures called cilia

Stentor shows cilia around mouth

Flagellate: Ex. Euglena move by flagella

Trypanosoma: type of sporozoan that is parasitic in humans

Conjugation of paramecium Sexual Reproduction (Transfer DNA)

Binary fission of paramecium (Asexual Reproduction)

Importance Major food producers in aquatic environments. Some are used as food for humans and some may cause disease Major food producers in aquatic environments. Some are used as food for humans and some may cause disease

Kingdom Protista: Algae Algae: Plant-like Algae: Plant-like Aquatic and can photosynthesize producing oxygen Aquatic and can photosynthesize producing oxygen Contains green chlorophyll along with other pigments which give it a particular color Contains green chlorophyll along with other pigments which give it a particular color Main producers of oxygen Main producers of oxygen Classified based on the dominant pigment they contain. Classified based on the dominant pigment they contain.

Golden Algae “Diatoms” Phylum Chrysophyta

Fire Algae “Dinoflagellates” Phylum=Pyrophyta

Spirogyra Phylum Clorophyta

Green Algae “spirogyra”

Sargassum and Kelp Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Brown Algae “Sargassum” Phaeophyta

Red Algae “Polysiphonia” Phylum Rhodophyta

Red Algae Rhodophyta

Importance of Algae Major oxygen nutrient producers Major oxygen nutrient producers Food source for other organisms Food source for other organisms Too much algae can lower oxygen levels and pose health risk due to toxins Too much algae can lower oxygen levels and pose health risk due to toxins

Slim Molds, Water Molds and Downy Mildews Fungus-like protists: characteristics of both Fungus-like protists: characteristics of both Can decompose organisms Can decompose organisms During some point in their life they will develope into a flagellated reproductive cell, something fungi never do. During some point in their life they will develope into a flagellated reproductive cell, something fungi never do.

Kingdom fungi

Fungus Characteristics Major Decomposers; Heterotrophic Major Decomposers; Heterotrophic Help recycle nutrients Help recycle nutrients Composed of individual hyphae filaments that when woven together in a network form mycelium. Composed of individual hyphae filaments that when woven together in a network form mycelium. Reproduce sexually with spores or asexually by budding Reproduce sexually with spores or asexually by budding Can NOT photosynthesize due to no chlorophyll Can NOT photosynthesize due to no chlorophyll Secretes digestive enzymes into the food and absorbs material. This is called Extra-cellular digestion Secretes digestive enzymes into the food and absorbs material. This is called Extra-cellular digestion Important: used as food. Yeast important in bread and beverages. Some are used to produce cheese and antibiotics and eaten (mushrooms). Some are extremely poisonous. Important: used as food. Yeast important in bread and beverages. Some are used to produce cheese and antibiotics and eaten (mushrooms). Some are extremely poisonous.

Common Phyla Classified based on method of sexual reproduction Classified based on method of sexual reproduction

Mushroom Identification

Mushroom- stalk, cap and gills Phylum Basidiomycota: club fungi

Gills

.Mushroom gills showing basidiospores: sexual repro.

Puffball releasing spores Basidiomycota

Puffball showing densely packed spores

Earthstar Puffball Basidiomycota

Bread Mold Phylum Zygomycota

Bread Mold showing rhizoids and sporangia (asexual)

Blue Mold Phylum Ascomycota

Blue Mold: hyphae showing swollen reproductive tip of conidia spores

Yeast: unicellular Fungi Ascomycota

Unicellular Yeast cells budding: Asexual

Penicillium aged Blue cheese Green Mold Phylum Deuteromycota

Penicillium: green mold Deuteromycota

Lichens Symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae cells. Algae provides food for the fungus and fungus provides protection. Symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae cells. Algae provides food for the fungus and fungus provides protection.

Lichens

Lichen: fungi and green alga cells

Mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungus. Fungus increases water absorption and adds minerals and nutrients while plants provide fungus with food (sugars and amino acids) Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungus. Fungus increases water absorption and adds minerals and nutrients while plants provide fungus with food (sugars and amino acids)

Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae: fungus and plant root cells