Europe 1840s: What’s going on? Britain Industrial Revolution Napoleon III rules France France and Austria still at war Prussia become a dominate power in Europe Revolutions of 1848 Industrial Revolution spreads in Europe

Nationalism Unification of Italy

What are they fighting for? Nationalism - intense loyalty and devotion to one’s country; desire for national independence

Italy

Small Kingdoms politically divided –Kingdom of Two Sicilies’-Bourbon (Fr.) rulers –Lombardy and Venetia (Austrian ruled) –Papal States (Catholic Church/ Pope) What’s the problem what all these rulers on the land mass that is now called Italy?

Revolution Rumbles Upper middle class, intellectuals call for unification ( Think French Revolution) Secret societies form –Carbonari-charcoal buyers Demand rights from their separate governments Uprisings in 1830s and 1840s were crushed by Austrian Empire –Italians resented Austria and foreign powers

The Spirit Giuseppe Mazzini –Speaker and Activist of Italian independence –Brought the idea of unification to the common people –1831 Young Italy-(Think Boy/Girl Scouts) Secret society –Considered founder of Italian Nationalism

What Young Italy wanted Nation-State- –People with the same culture, language, identity –Defined borders –Government to decide laws, make decisions –Sovereignty-independence from foreign rule

Man of Action Count Cavour -Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852 Politically cunning

Hero of Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi- Military Leader –Southern Italy Garibaldi’s Red Shirts- guerrilla warfare –Soldiers were volunteers –Captured Kingdom of Two Sicilies King fled –Garibaldi makes Count Cavour nervous

The Spoils Go to … Garibaldi turns over his conquest to the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II –Ruled as constitutional monarchy (1861)

War Brings It All Together 1866 Austria and Prussia War –Seven Week’s War Austria promises Italy Venetia if they stay neutral Prussia promises Italy Venetia if they join and win Prussia Wins!!! 1870 Franco-Prussian War –Napoleon III pulls troops from Rome –Italian troops march on the unprotected Papal States and take Rome

Italy King: Victor Emmanuel II Rome becomes capital in 1871