Biology 30G Mr. Oleson-Hodges Fort Richmond Collegiate

What is Respiration? Respiration is the process of intaking oxygen, and removing carbon dioxide in the human body. It is the crucial process of energy production in the human body. OXYGEN = ENERGY

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity Air is: Filtered by hair and cilia Warmed Moistened Pharynx The common passage for food and air Epiglottis Flap that covers the trachea while swallowing

Layrnx Also known as the Adam’s apple (males only) or If food gets by the epiglottis, reflex coughing usually expells it Vocal Cords Mucous membrane folds in larynx Pitch is due to length, thickness, elasticity, and tension of vocal cords At puberty, larynx and vocal cords grow more rapidly in males

Trachea (Windpipe) C-shaped cartilatge rings Cilia sweep trachea clean Mucus is secreted to embed and transport debris Tracheotomy – incision made if airway is blocked Bronchi 2 branches off of trachea Brochial tubes: Bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles

Aleoli Air sacs at end of bronchail tubes where gas exchange occurs. Approximately 300 million of them Surface area of alveoli (40 times the surface area of skin) Thin membrane is in close contact with capillaries The Lungs The right lung has 3 lobes, and the left lung has 2 Diaphragm Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (organs) from the abdominal cavity (digestion organs) This muscle is responsible for pressure changes that drive the breathing mechanism

How do we breathe?

Gas Exchange refers to O 2 and CO 2 passing back and forth, by the process of diffusion. Gases cross membranes in alveolar sacs due to a difference in concentration on different sides of the membrane.

External vs. Internal Respiration INTERNAL RESPIRATION Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between blood and cells (happens in body tissues) EXTERNAL RESPIRATION Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between air and blood (happens in alveoli)

Cellular Respiration The process in which sugars (glucose) are converted into usable energy called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Energy is created in the Mitochondria of cells Sugar + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Lung Volumes Tidal Volume – amount of air in a normal (resting) breath (in or out) Expiratory Reserve – amount of extra air that can be exhaled Inspiratory Reserve – amount of extra air that can be inhaled Vital Capacity – maximum amount of air that can be breathed (in or out) Residual Volume – air that resides in lungs after maximum exhalation – this is unusable air

Tool used to measure Lung Capacity SPIROMETER

Respiratory Diseases LUNG CANCER Uncontrolled growth in lung tissue Cause: Inhaling carcinogens (eg. Smoking) Symptoms: shortness of breath, coughing, coughing blood Treatment: Radiation, Chemotherapy, Surgery

Respiratory Diseases Emphysema Bronchioles and/or alveoli collapse, creates unusable lung tissue Cause: Exposure to toxic chemicals (tobacco smoke) Symptoms: shortness of breath Treatment: Damage is mostly permanent. Inhalers can partially work

Respiratory Diseases Bronchitis Inflammation of mucus membranes lining respiratory tract Cause: Acute bronchitis usually viral, chronic bronchitis inhaled irritants (smoking) Symptoms: Cough, large amounts of mucus Treatment: Acute – bed rest, Chronic – avoid irritant

Respiratory Diseases Asthma Reversible inflammation (swelling) of bronchioles Cause: Environmental irritants trigger temporary inflammation, genetic Symptoms: breathing difficulties, coughing Treatment: vasodilators (inhaler), many others

Respiratory Diseases Pneumonia Inflammation of alveoli AND alveoli fill with fluid (lung infection) Cause: pathogen (bacteria, virus) or chemical/physical injury Symptoms: cough, chest pain, fever, difficulty breathing Treatment: Bed rest, plenty of fluids, antibiotics, hospitalization if severe

Respiratory Diseases Cystic Fibrosis Secretory disease (secrete excess mucus) Cause: Genetic Symptoms: excess mucus production, frequent chest infections, breathlessness (mucus blocks airway) Treatment: good nutrition, active lifestyle, lung transplant, gene therapy, treatment of chest infections, shortens life