1. Respiratory Tract Gas Exchange Breathing Disease
Respiratory System

2. Respiratory Tract Nasal (or oral) cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Alveoli

3. Gas Exchange Oxygen goes into the blood vessel.
Carbon dioxide (a waste product) leaves the blood vessel into the alveolus.

4. Nasal Cavity 3 main functions:
Cleans the air – nostrils contain tiny hairs that trap dirt particles
Warms the air – capillaries carrying warm blood
Moistens the air – membranes that secretes mucus

5. Pharynx (throat) & Epiglottis
The place where the nasal cavity, oral cavity esophagus (digestive tract) and larynx (respiratory tract) meet
Epiglottis is the door that allows food to go down the esophagus (digestive tract) and air down the trachea (respiratory tract)

6. Larynx (voice box) Houses the vocal cords
Vibrations of the cords produces sound

7. Larynx (voice box)

8. Trachea (windpipe) Composed of cartilage (soft bone)
Helps maintains rigidity to prevent the respiratory passage from collapsing

9. Trachea (windpipe) Lined with ciliated epithelial cells
Cells secrete mucus which traps foreign particles
Cilia brush the mucus up the respiratory tract
We sneeze or cough to expel mucus that has trapped foreign particles

10. Bronchi
The trachea branches into 2 bronchi leading to the left and right lung
Bronchi branch into smaller bronchiole eventually ending at the alveoli
Structures are reinforced with cartilage

11. Alveoli Spherical hollow cavities increase surface area
Walls are only 1 cell thick making it easy for rapid diffusion
Capillaries line the alveoli for gas exchange

12. Breathing Process Inhalation: taking air into the lungs
Exhalation: breathing out air
Muscles
Diaphragm (between lung and stomach)
Ribcage muscles

13. Breathing

14. Breathing Process Rib Muscles Cage Diaphragm Volume Internal Pressure
Air
Inhalation
Contract
Expand
(up and out)
(moves down)
Flattens
Increase
Decrease
Moves in
Exhalation
Relax
Reduce
(down and in)
(moves up)
Dome-shaped
Moves out

15. Respiratory Diseases Laryngitis Bronchitis Asthma Pneumonia Emphysema
Turberculosis (TB)
SARS

16. Laryngitis Inflammation of the vocal cords.
Caused by overuse, irritation, infection

17. Bronchitis Inflammation of bronchi. Caused by:
Microorganisms: virus, bacteria
Environment: pollution, dust, smoke
Irritation causes bronchi to swell.

18. Bronchitis Cilia immobilized Respiratory passage clog with debris
Heavy mucus formed resulting in a cough

19. Asthma Chronic, inflammatory disease resulting in obstructed airflow.
Inflammation and swelling of bronchiole walls produces extra mucus
Constriction of muscles around bronchiole

20. Asthma

21. Asthma Allergies and air pollution can trigger asthma.
Condition is usually reversible
Short term treatment: puffers that contain bronchiodilators
Long term treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-allergy shots

22. Pneumonia Infection of the lungs, leading to fluid in the alveoli.
Caused by a microorganism
Treated with antibiotics

23. Smoking
Injures the cilia of the trachea so that they cannot remove foreign particles as effectively.
Tar, a black sticky sooty material, a by-product of burning tobacco, coats the lungs.
Key cause of lung cancer.

24. Emphysema Alveoli become brittle Alveoli walls fuse together
Reduces the surface area for gas exchange
Lung loses elasticity

25. Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease caused by a bacteria that grows in the lung
Conceptual image of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria on a cellular surface

26. Tuberculosis (TB)
Symptoms are general: fever, cough, chest pain, tiredness
Bacteria can remain dormant in body for decades and can also recur in patients who have had TB before
Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab .
Coloured X-ray (front view) of the chest in a 50 year old male patient, showing fibrosis in the lungs from old tuberculosis (orange, at upper left) and an infection of new tuberculosis (green, at right). TB can recur at periods when the patient's immune system is weakened.

27. Tuberculosis (TB) Chest x-ray of a 25 year old male patient with TB.
Lung (dark areas) show grainy white patches which are the affected areas.

28. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Epidemic gripped Toronto in 2003
Spread from a region in China
44 deaths in Canada of 438 cases

29. SARS Outbreak

30. SARS
Symptoms: flu like, high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, exhaustion
Diagnosis: chest x-ray, swab