In the Grip of the Cold War: The Breakdown of the Yalta System 25

Collapse of the Grand Alliance  Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and much of the Balkans  United States and other Allied forces occupied the western part  Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary  Czechoslovakia came under Communist control in 1948  Yugoslavia became an independent communist state

Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan  The Descent of the Iron Curtain  Truman Doctrine  Civil war in Greece and Turkey  Money to countries threatened by communist expansion  Marshall Plan, June 1947  $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe  Soviet view, “capitalist imperialism”

Europe Divided  George F. Kennan, Foreign Affairs, July 1947  Fate of Germany  Each power proceeded differently  Soviet Union took reparations in the form of booty  Merging of the British, French, and American zones  Blockade of Berlin,  German Federal Republic created, September 1949  German Democratic Republic created, October 1949  Military Alliances  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), April 1949  Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949  Warsaw Pact, 1955  Responsibility for the Cold War  Blame on Stalin – impose Soviet rule on Eastern Europe  Blame on the U.S. – policy of encircling the Soviet Union with client states

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The Chinese Civil War  Relations between the United State and Chiang Kai-shek  Communists occupied rural area in Manchuria  Reforms by the communists  Peasants attracted by promises of land and social justice  United States tries to find peaceful solution  Beijing encircled by PLA in 1948  Chiang and 2 million Nationalist followers flee to Taiwan  President Truman gives limited military support to Chiang Kai-shek  Sends George Marshall  Charges of “soft on communism” at home

The New China  Hopes for peace  Territorial expansion  Chinese-Soviet relations  The problem of Taiwan

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American troops advancing in the Korean War

The Korean War  China wanted to recover what had been part of the Manchu Empire  China want to restore influence over Korea and Vietnam  After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China and flight to Taiwan, the island became part of U.S. defense strategy in the Pacific  U.S. and Soviet Union divide Korea at the 38th parallel, August 1945  North Koreans invaded the south, June 25, 1950  Chinese “volunteers” intervene when UN troops approach the Yalu River  Cease-fire, July, 1953

Conflict in Indochina  Vietminh Front led by Ho Chi Minh seize northern and central Vietnam  War breaks out in December, 1946  Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam, 1954  Elections to be held in two years  Laos and Cambodia declared independent

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Global Cold War in the 1950s and 1960s

Ferment in Eastern Europe  After the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev ( ) sought “peaceful coexistence”  Austria, 1955  Poland, 1956  Hungary, 1956  Soviet Union launches ICBM, August, 1957  Confrontation over access to Berlin, November, 1958  Cultural exchanges  Relations with Third World nations

Cuban Missile Crisis  Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba, 1959  Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961  Discovery by U.S. of missile bases being built, 1962  President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba  Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

The Sino-Soviet Dispute  Mao asserts with the death of Stalin, he should be the most authoritative voice in the socialist community  Limited Soviet economic assistance  Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands to help regain Taiwan  China portrays itself as the leader of the “rural underdeveloped countries”

Second Indochina War  United States opposed the division of Vietnam in the settlement of Geneva in 1954  Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam refuses to hold elections  Ho Chi Minh returns to a policy of war in the south, 1959  Diem regime overthrown with the approval of the Kennedy administration, 1963  President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965  China concerned about the war; does not get directly involved  Tet offensive by the communists, 1968  President Richard Nixon ( ) elected in 1969 vows to bring an honorable end and begins withdrawing troops  Communists resume the offensive in 1975 and unified Vietnam in 1976

An Era of Equivalence  October 1964 Khrushchev was replaced by party chief Leonid Brezhnev ( ) and Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin ( )  Soviet relations with China and Vietnam  The Brezhnev Doctrine  Prague Spring, 1968  An Era of Détente  Détente, reduction in tensions between U.S. and U.S.S.R.  SALT I that limited antiballistic missile systems, 1972  U.S. policy of “equivalence” (balance of power)  President Nixon pursues a policy of “linkages” through trade and cultural contacts  Helsinki Agreement, 1975  Acknowledged the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe  Recognize and protect human rights of signatories’ citizens

Renewed Tensions in the Third World  U.S. concerned about Soviet involvement in Africa  Soviet troops to Afghanistan, 1979  US concerns over oil lead to the Carter Doctrine  Soviet fears of spread of Islamic activism to its Muslim population in Central Asia  U.S. fear that the U.S.S.R. was seeking strategic nuclear superiority  Failure of U.S. congress to approve SALT II

Countering the Evil Empire  President Ronald Reagan (b. 1911) and the “Evil Empire”  Nuclear-tipped cruise missiles and Strategic Defense Initiative  U.S. activities in Nicaragua  Sandinistas  Contras  U.S. military aid to insurgents in Afghanistan

Discussion Questions  What were the provisions of the Truman Doctrine? How was it implemented?  What were the provisions of the Marshall Plan? How was it seen by the Soviets?  Describe the changing relationship between China and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.  What were the Cold War “hot spots” and why do you think the superpowers used them for their confrontations?  Why did détente give way to renewed conflict between the superpowers in the 1980s?