Tolerance & Succession What lives where & why

Limiting Factors factors that restrict the numbers or distribution of organisms factors that restrict the numbers or distribution of organisms Plant limiting factors: Plant limiting factors: P & Nwater P & Nwater sunlighttemperature sunlighttemperature Soil(type, amount, pH, salinity) Soil(type, amount, pH, salinity) Herbivores Herbivores

Biome Type Determined by: Temperature & Water Temperature & Water determine plants types determine plants types Type of plants sets up food chain & shelter so….. Type of plants sets up food chain & shelter so….. determines types of animals determines types of animals

Temp & Water based on… 1) Latitude: 1) Latitude: Farther from equator = colder Farther from equator = colder Weather patterns based on latitude determine precipitation Weather patterns based on latitude determine precipitation 2) Altitude: 2) Altitude: Higher up = colder Higher up = colder Windward side = lots of rain Windward side = lots of rain Leeward side = rain shadow Leeward side = rain shadow

Rain shadow Rain shadow Windward side Windward side

Biomes of Rocky Mountains

More Terms: Biodiversity: Biodiversity: # different species of organism # different species of organism more diversity = more stable system more diversity = more stable system Dominant Species: Dominant Species: Species with the most biomass Species with the most biomass Greatly affect other species Greatly affect other species Keystone Species: Keystone Species: removal has major effects removal has major effects

Bottom up model of control: amount of energy at bottom of food chain controls number of consumers Top down model: number of predators keep the prey in check.

Biodiversity most affected by: 1) Evolutionary History: 1) Evolutionary History: a) older ecosystems = more time for speciation a) older ecosystems = more time for speciation b) tropical = older…fewer disturbances (glaciers) b) tropical = older…fewer disturbances (glaciers) c) tropical = longer growing season = more time c) tropical = longer growing season = more time 2) Evapotranspiration: 2) Evapotranspiration: a) combined evaporation from plants & soil a) combined evaporation from plants & soil b) measure of rainfall, solar radiation & temp b) measure of rainfall, solar radiation & temp c) more evapotrans = more diversity c) more evapotrans = more diversity 3) Latitude = #1 predictor of biodiversity 3) Latitude = #1 predictor of biodiversity

Invasive Species Non-native species invade an ecosystem Non-native species invade an ecosystem Also called exotic species Also called exotic species May have no predators in new ecosystem May have no predators in new ecosystem Represent a dead-end in the food chain Represent a dead-end in the food chain Out-compete native organisms decreasing Out-compete native organisms decreasing species diversity species diversity

Pioneer & Climax Communities Pioneer = first organisms to move in Pioneer = first organisms to move in New area New area Disturbed area (after fire, plowing) Disturbed area (after fire, plowing) Climax = last community to move in Climax = last community to move in community stays same for long time community stays same for long time very little change very little change highest species diversity highest species diversity

Seres Successive communities that replace each other in ecological succession Successive communities that replace each other in ecological succession Each sere changes the environment making it easier for the next sere to move in = facilitation Each sere changes the environment making it easier for the next sere to move in = facilitation Each new sere outcompetes the previous sere Each new sere outcompetes the previous sere (competitve exclusion) (competitve exclusion)

Primary Succession First organisms to live on that piece of ground First organisms to live on that piece of ground 1) volcanic islands 1) volcanic islands 2) rock slides 2) rock slides 3) a humans dig a lake 3) a humans dig a lake

Secondary Succession 2 nd time a community has grown there 2 nd time a community has grown there 1) after forest fire or flood 1) after forest fire or flood 2) abandoned farmer’s fields 2) abandoned farmer’s fields 3) vacant lots 3) vacant lots

Traits of pioneer species A) Primary succession A) Primary succession 1) very hardy 1) very hardy 2) tolerate full sun, drought, little – no soil 2) tolerate full sun, drought, little – no soil 3) low species diversity 3) low species diversity 4) r-selected (tolerate high mortality) 4) r-selected (tolerate high mortality) 5) poor competitors in less hostile habitat 5) poor competitors in less hostile habitat

Traits of pioneer species B) Secondary succession B) Secondary succession 1) weeds – good dispersal fast growth 1) weeds – good dispersal fast growth 2) annuals 2) annuals 3) full sun, drought tolerant 3) full sun, drought tolerant 4) r –selected 4) r –selected 5) poor competitors - oportunistic 5) poor competitors - oportunistic

Seres of secondary Weeds- annuals Weeds- annuals Perennial grasses & flowers young shrubs Perennial grasses & flowers young shrubs Shrubs & sun loving trees (pines) Shrubs & sun loving trees (pines) Shade loving trees (deciduous) Shade loving trees (deciduous) seedlings that can grow in shade replace seedlings that can grow in shade replace sun-loving trees as older trees die sun-loving trees as older trees die

Biome determined by abiotic Very little water …succession ends with desert grasses/shrubs or cacti Very little water …succession ends with desert grasses/shrubs or cacti Dry seasons, low precipitation …. Succ ends with Grass lands/savanna (not enough water for trees) Dry seasons, low precipitation …. Succ ends with Grass lands/savanna (not enough water for trees) Water available long growing season but cold winter Water available long growing season but cold winter deciduous trees deciduous trees Water available but short growing season (cold) Water available but short growing season (cold) evergreen trees (tiaga or boreal forest) evergreen trees (tiaga or boreal forest) Water and warm all year – tropical rain forest Water and warm all year – tropical rain forest

Wetlands Reduce flooding Reduce flooding Filter sediment out of water Filter sediment out of water Filter toxins out of water Filter toxins out of water Provide nurseries for fish & shellfish Provide nurseries for fish & shellfish Provide homes for many species Provide homes for many species High species diversity High species diversity

Biological Control Use one organism to control the population of another organism. Use one organism to control the population of another organism. Protists: microsporidia to control insects Protists: microsporidia to control insects Fungi: Fungi: Bacteria: Bacteria: Insects: Insects: