APS Day 27 Agenda EU – to understand that the Presidency is a fairly weak office, vaguely constitutionally described, but with a huge organization under it to assist and advise the President and to administer and enforce the laws pages 10-11Complete pages about the expansion of presidential power, advisors to and leadership qualities of President –Section 3 – navigate through to complete a diagram of the President’s aides and advisors. Questions from homework? Continue model congress.

Powers of President – Part 1 PowersConstitutional Source of power ExampleCongressional or Judicial Check Administrator“Executive Authority” A2S1C1 “Power to elicit advice” A2S2C1 Directed NSA to spy without warrants, created Office of Faith-based initiatives and hired a Chief of Staff to run the White House. Laws creating departments and agencies that also define the limits of these powers Impeachment Judicial Review Commander-in- Chief A2S2C1Ordered the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan and created the Gitmo detention facility. Ordered no habeas corpus for “illegal enemy combatants” Judicial review ended detentions without habeas corpus Congress changed law for Gitmo detentions Convene Congress A2S3C1Truman called special session to address domestic issues in ‘48 No check

Powers of President – Part 1 PowersConstitutional Source of power ExampleCongressional or Judicial Check VetoA1S7C2Bush’s first veto was a lifting of the stem-cell research ban, and last vetoed a bill banning waterboarding by the CIA Congress can override a veto by a 2/3 vote of both houses AppointmentA2S2C2Barack Obama has nominated his cabinet for appointment Senate will need to confirm all appointments and has already approved Robert Gates as the current Sec Of Defense TreatiesA2S2C2Bush 43 signs nuclear aid treaty with India Senate by 2/3 must approve treaty – did not do so yet. PardonsA2S2C1President Bush pardoned rapper John Forte and commuted Scooter Libby’s sentence No check

Part 2 Expansion of Presidential Power 1.The Constitution provides the formal powers in Article 2. a.Appointment b.Executive c.Commander-in-Chief d.Make treaties e.Send and receive ambassadors f.Veto The formal powers have been expanded by precedents set by previous presidents who have used these powers in new and novel ways like using the State of the Union message to set the legislative agenda for Congress or using the formal Commander- in-Chief power to commence wars like Korea and the Persian Gulf, or direct the federal bureaucracy as he executes the laws g.Suggest legislation h.Call Congress to special session i.State of the union message j.Pardons and reprieves k.Require reports from Department heads l.Execute the laws

Part 2 Expansion of Presidential Power 2. Inherent powers are connected to the formal powers, but are essentially “implied” like putting troops into combat as C-in-C use of executive orders as “Chief Executive.” Congress approves by law changes presidents have made by action such as authorizing wiretaps by President Bush that the NSA conducted prior to PATRIOT ACT 3. Congress has given the president more power through law by creating regulatory commissions that have the power to make “laws” because it is more efficient and makes more sense to have experts make rules rather than much more easily influenced legislators who have to compromise

The President The Executive Office of the President White House Office Office of Management and Budget National Security Council Office of Policy Development Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of the US Trade Rep Council on Environmental Quality Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Administration Executive The Congress Senate House Committees Congressional Budget Office Library of Congress General Accountability Office Gov’t Printing Office The Supreme Court 12 Circuit Court of Appeals 1Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 94 District Courts Federal Claims Court Court of Int’l Trade Territorial Courts Court of Appeals for the Armed Services Court of Veterans Appeals Administrative Courts Legislative Judicial The Executive Office of the President Provides advice and assistance to the Man In the Oval Office White House Office – “ The West Wing” - Headed by Chief of Staff Answers phones, writes letters, schedules travel Plans political strategy, writes speeches, meets with the press National Security Council – provides information and advice about the threats to the US, militarily, economically, criminally, environmentally Office of Management and Budget – develops the spending and taxing plan – determining how much money is being spent and where, and how much money will be needed in the near and distant future – the budget is as much a financial document as it is a statement of policy “put your money where your mouth is” Council on Economic Advisors, Office of Policy Development, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Office of the US Trade Rep, Council on Environmental Quality, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Office of Administration, National Critical Materials Council, National Space Council

The Congress Senate House Committees Congressional Budget Office Library of Congress General Accountability Office Gov’t Printing Office The President The Executive Office of the President White House Office Office of Management and Budget National Security Council Office of Policy Development Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of the US Trade Rep Council on Environmental Quality Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Administration The Supreme Court 12 Circuit Court of Appeals 1Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 94 District Courts Federal Claims Court Court of Int’l Trade Territorial Courts Court of Appeals for the Armed Services Court of Veterans Appeals Administrative Courts Legislative Executive Judicial Department of State Department of Defense Department of Treasury Department of Justice Department of the interior Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Labor Department of Health and Human Services Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Department of Energy Department of Education Department of Veterans Affairs Department of Homeland Security Major Independent Agencies (Note there are many more on next slide) Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) African Development Foundation Agency for International Development (USAID) American Battle Monuments Commission AMTRAK Appalachian Regional Commission Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board B Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearms Bureau of Arms Control ml ml Bureau of Engraving & Printing Bureau of Labor Statistics Bureau of the Census Bureau of Transportation Statistics C Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services cms.hhs.gov cms.hhs.gov Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigations Board (USCSB) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Commission on Civil Rights Commodity Futures Trading Commission Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Corporation For National Service (CNS) D Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Information Systems Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board Defense Security Service

Defense Threat Reduction Agency Drug Enforcement Administration E Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Export-Import Bank of the U.S. F Farm Credit Administration (FCA) Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board Federal Aviation Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal Election Commission (FEC) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Highway Administration Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB) Federal Labor Relations Authority Federal Maritime Commission Federal Mediation & Conciliation Service Federal Mine Safety & Health Review Commission Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve System Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Food & Drug Administration G General Accounting Office General Services Administration (GSA) Ginnie Mae I Institute of Museum and Library Services Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Foundation Internal Revenue Services International Bank for Reconstruction & Development International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund International Trade Commission (USITC) L Legal Services Corporation M Medicare Payment Advisory Commission Merit Systems Protection Board N National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) National Bioethics Advisory Commission National Capital Planning Commission National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) National Council on Disability (NCD) National Credit Union Administration National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Institute of Justice National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Standards & Technology National Institutes of Health National Labor Relations Board National Mediation Board National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration National Park Service National Science Foundation (NSF) National Security Agency (NSA) National Skill Standards Board National Technology Transfer Center (NTTC) National Telecommunications Information Administration National Transportation Safety Board Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) O Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Government Ethics Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Office of Special Counsel Office of Thrift Supervision Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development Organization of American States Overseas Private Investment Corp. P Pan American Health Organization Patent & Trademark Office Peace Corps Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) Postal Rate Commission R Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) S Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Securities Investor Protection Corp. Selective Service System (SSS) Small Business Administration (SBA) Smithsonian Institution Social Security Administration (SSA) Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration Surface Transportation Board T Tennessee Valley Authority Trade and Development Agency U U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Forest Service U.S. Government Printing Office U.S. Institute of Peace U.S. Marshals Service U.S. Office of Government Ethics (USOGE) U.S. Treasury United States Holocaust Memorial Council United States Postal Service (USPS) United Nations Information Center V Voice of America (VOA) W Walter Reed Army Medical Center White House Fellows White House Commission on Remembrance Women's History Commission

Part 4 Leadership 1.Trustworthy 2.Strong 3.Self-esteem/confident 4.Competent 5.Integrity 6.Empathetic 7.Moral 8.Intelligence 9.Perseverance 10.Persuasive 11.Communicative 12.Telegenic And:

Part 5 Divided Government Divided government is when one branch of government is controlled by a different party than another branch – usually the Executive and the Legislative being different parties, like Divided government occurs because we have two dominant parties, and elections to Congress occur every two years. Thus, members of the president’s party may lose in mid-term elections as the electorate votes their displeasure in the president’s policies (2006) Divided government makes legislating difficult as in the mid-70s when A very left Democratic congress passed laws and over 50 times Republican Gerry Ford vetoed them. But Divided government is the most efficient check on abuse of power or overreaching by the executive and legislative branches like when Clinton vetoed the 1996 budget of Newt Gingrich or the current Congress has voted against changing Bush’s changes to Social Security

Model congress –Parties continue work –committee work on bills Hold hearings (discuss the findings and facts of the issue) mark up (make changes to the bill) committee vote and referral to floor Floor action Complete blue Political pressure Lobbyists Constituents Executive branch Party Mass media Public opinion polls

What were the difficulties in legislating? How did conflict between chambers affect the process? How did the structure and process make legislating difficult? How difficult was compromising on your personal values during the legislative process? Did you have difficulty balancing party, personal, peer, constituent, and lobbying pressures?

American Political System 1. In practice, which branch of the federal govt. has the most power? Use current and /or historical examples to support your position. 2.Is our government today still based upon the following principals established by the Founding Fathers? Popular sovereignty Federalism Separation of Powers Limited Government Checks and Balances 3.Explain the role of TWO of the following groups and evaluate whether they have a positive or negative impact on the American political system. Political Parties Interest groups and lobbyists The Media