DISORDERS a. Clinical Characteristics b. Explanations c. Treatments HEALTH & CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY G543

a. Biological: Ohman b. Behavioural: Watson & Rayner c. Cognitive: DiNardo 3. Treatments for Phobia

EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS (ESQ) Treatments BIOLOGICAL COGNTIVE BEHAVIOURAL June 2010 a.Outline how the biological approach would explain one of the following disorders: affective, anxiety, psychotic. (10 marks) b.Evaluate the explanations of the disorder you referred to in part (a). (15 marks) January 2011 a.Outline a behavioural explanation of one disorder (affective, anxiety or psychotic). (10 marks) b.Compare explanations of the disorder you referred to in part (a). (15 marks) Example a.How might cognitive psychologists explain one disorder (affective, anxiety or psychotic?) [10] b.Assess the appropriateness of different explanations of phobia [15]

Behavioural Perspective

Behavioural Perspective Explanations  Classical Conditioning (CC)  Association  Operant Conditioning (OC)  Reward/Punishment  Social Learning Theory (SLT)  Observation 5

Watson ( ) "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-- doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."(Watson, 1930)

What is it all about?

Classical conditioning Learning by association

That’s a reflex Dog hears the lab technician What’s going on?

Bell: Neutral stimulus (NS) Salivation: unconditioned Response (UCR) Bell: Conditioned stimulus (CS) Salivation: Conditioned response (CR) Food: unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Before conditioning During conditioning After conditioning Pairing Bell: Neutral stimulus (NS) Food: unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Salivation: unconditioned Response (UCR) How does it work?

Classical Conditioning 

Work it out A child is afraid of spiders. One day he is in a lift and notices a spider. Now he is afraid of lifts. 2. A child sneezes when there are flowers about. She often visits her grandmother’s house, where there are flowers. Even when there are no flowers at her grandmother’s house, she still sneezes. Neutral stimulus (NS)? Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? Unconditioned response (UCR)? Conditioned stimulus (CS)? Conditioned response(CR)?

Quick check 1. Which is the correct pairing part of the classical conditioning procedure?   UCS + CS   NS + CS   NS + UCS   UCS + NS 2. In Pavlov’s procedure, what was the CR?   research assistant   bell   salivation   food 3. The final step in the classical conditioning procedure is to present the NS alone to see if it:   elicits the CR   elicits the CS   elicits the UCR   elicits the UCS

Behavioural Study: Watson & Rayner (1920) Condition Emotional Reaction Little Albert

Tasks  1. Explain the Little Albert study using the principles of Classical Conditioning.  Hint – Draw out the formula to help you

2a. Summary Questions: BEHAVIOURAL WATSON & RAYNER, 1920 What were the four aims of Watson and Rayner’s research on Little Albert? What are the details of the sample? Aims Sample Background What did Watson & Rayner want to find out about? What theory did Watson and Rayner support? Results What happened in the first few weeks? What other objects was the phobia transferred to? How was Albert calmed down? Why were Watson and Rayner unable to test the last question? What research method was used in this study? Identify the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned and unconditioned response? What happened? What is meant by the term generalization in this study? Method & Procedures

Behavioural Explanation Evaluation Strengths Limitations