Section 4: The Late Middle Ages

The Black Death (bubonic plague)

9 killed perhaps 1/2 of Europe

Source of the Black Death

Consequences Jews became scapegoats (p. 341) Trade declined, price of labor rose, food prices fell Jews became scapegoats (p. 341) Trade declined, price of labor rose, food prices fell

Shortage of labor=freedom of serfs

The Great Schism Pope Boniface VIII claimed authority over French Bishops-Philip IV had him arrested. (Pope later died)

French King Philip IV forced election of 1st French Pope (Clement V)

Moved papacy to Avignon in France.

College of Cardinals elected a second Pope, an Italian-later a 3rd was elected

The Schism

Council of Constance Schism ended in 1417 by Holy Roman Emperor (fired everyone and had a new pope elected, and moved back to Rome)

Church teachings challenged

John Wycliffe (England) taught that Jesus, not the Pope was the final authority Inspired a Bible in English

John Huss (Bohemia) Bible was final authority

Council of Constance- Huss double-crossed and burned as a heretic

John Hus 25

Touches off the Hussite Wars

Hussite War Wagon 23

End of the Age of Faith War, Plague and Schism caused loss of prestige for the Church

The Hundred Years’ War

1337 French King Philip VI seized last English territory in France

Later Edward III (England) claimed French throne when last Capetian died

Crecy Battle of Crecy 1346

1. English Longbow and French mistakes= victory 2. Outnumbered English slaughtered French knights 1. English Longbow and French mistakes= victory 2. Outnumbered English slaughtered French knights

Cross bow 23

The Long Bow made the difference

Poitiers 1356

French King and his son captured

Agincourt 1415

Henry V English hero

High water mark for England

Joan of Arc 42

1. Teenage peasant heard heavenly voices

Treaty after Agincourt called for Henry V to inherit France on the death of Charles VI

2. Joan convinced The Dauphin (son of the previous king) to fight for the throne

3. Led by Joan, French won Battle of Orleans, and the Dauphin was crowned Charles VII

4. Joan was captured and executed at Rouen by the English for heresy- Charles did nothing to save her

Execution of Joan 4

Rouen Bridge from which Joan’s ashes were flung 41

5. Charles VII became a great King 6. England was removed from France

End of the Age of Chivalry

23 Introduction of Guns 23

Ended age of Castles, armor and Knights

Political Recovery

France Much of France Devastated King gained power Created a sense of nationalism Much of France Devastated King gained power Created a sense of nationalism

England Sense of nationalism Strengthened Parliament Sense of nationalism Strengthened Parliament

The Wars of the Roses

1399 Henry Bolingbroke seized the throne, became Henry VI

1455--Henry VI (Lancaster--White rose) Sometimes insane. Lost 100 Years War

Wars began when Yorks (Red rose) challenged the Lancasters (White rose) for the throne

Richard III, Last York king

The Princes of the Tower Richard murdered his nephews to become king

Richard killed at Battle of Bosworth 1485 “His beaver (bevoir) was up”

Victor at Bosworth, Henry Tudor (Lancaster) who became Henry VII

Henry VII married Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward II)

united families

Ended wars by abolishing private armies Lowered taxes Ended wars by abolishing private armies Lowered taxes

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Marriage in 1469 began unification of Spain 1492 Defeated Granada, last Muslim kingdom 1492 Expelled the Jews Began the inquisition

Central and Eastern Europe Hapsburgs of Austria dominated Holy Roman Empire Moscow began to dominate Russia Hapsburgs of Austria dominated Holy Roman Empire Moscow began to dominate Russia