Adjective Clauses

REVIEW What’s the difference between a clause and a phrase? A phrase is any piece of a sentence, while a clause includes a subject and a verb!

REVIEW Find the clauses in the sentences to the right. He went to the mall. Jacob left, but then he came back. If I leave now, will I be late? I hate Sarah and Bob.

REVIEW Find the clauses in the sentences to the right. He went to the mall. Jacob left, but then he came back. If I leave now, will I be late? I hate Sarah and Bob.

What is an adjective clause? An adjective gives extra information about a noun. A prepositional phrase gives extra information about a noun or verb. I saw a man. I saw a strange man. I saw a man (with blue hair). I saw a man (after 5:00).

What is an adjective clause? An adjective clause gives extra information about a noun. Like all clauses, it has a subject and a verb. I saw a man who was wearing a dress. I saw the man who had hit me!

What is an adjective clause? There are 4 different adjective clauses: SUBJECT OBJECT OPAC PAC

The noun before is the SUBJECT. The noun before is the OBJECT. SAC OAC OPAC PAC The noun before is the SUBJECT. The noun before is the OBJECT. The noun before is the OP. The noun before is the OWNER. That man who hit me has been prosecuted. The man hit me. That purse which you bought in Paris looks gorgeous! You bought the purse. That lady who you winked at wants your phone number. You winked at the lady. That teacher whose test you cheated on is looking for you – run! You cheated on the teacher’s test. I don’t like that cat that bit me. That cat bit me. That machine that we can hear is very loud! We can hear that machine. Can you help me find the article that I’m looking for? I’m looking for the article. I want to kiss that boy whose phone you stole. You stole that boy’s phone. I’m afraid of the storm that will sink that ship. The storm will sink that ship. I’m taking the pizza that you bought. You bought that pizza. They killed the tree that you were living by. You were living by that tree. This is a man whose stories you will remember. You will remember this man’s stories.

SUBJECT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (SAC)

What is an adjective clause? In the AC, the noun is a subject with the pronouns: Who Which That I saw a man who was wearing a dress. I saw the man who had hit me!

What is an adjective clause? The subject will be: Who Which That I had a dog which bit me. Jack saw the lady that kissed him!

What is an adjective clause? In all of these examples, the words which, that, and who are turning the NOUN into a SUBJECT! I had a dog which bit me. Jack saw the lady that kissed him! I saw a man who was wearing a dress. I saw the man who had hit me!

More Examples James has an expensive car that is very fast. I know the child who lives next door. I live in Cranbrook, which has a lot of amazing scenery. Kelsey has a nephew who is a superstar. My friend bought a house which is 3 years old.

PRACTICE TIME Finish the sentences below using adjective clauses. I have a car which ________________________. My mother knew a man who _____________________. I had a friend who _____________________. I don’t like homework which ______________________. I’ve never met a man who _______________________.

Guess which person your partner is looking at. Ask them questions like, “Is it the man who looks tired?”

OBJECT Adjective Clauses (OAC) OBJECT Adjective Clauses

Object Adjective Clauses (OAC) The words WHO THAT WHICH WHOM Can make the OBJECT, too! I know the man who you punched. Who did you punch? THE MAN! COMPARE: I know the man who punched you!

Object Adjective Clauses (OAC) The relative pronoun is talking about the noun before it, like with a SAC. However, the noun is now RECEIVING the action! SAC: My friend bought a house which is 3 years old. OAC: My friend bought a house which he then destroyed.

Object Adjective Clauses (OAC) If you want, you can replace who with whom in OACs. I saw the man who you punched. I saw the man whom you punched.

MORE EXAMPLES I bought a pen which I lost. I saw the lady who you kissed. I know the teacher who you hate. I understand the question which you asked. I don’t trust the guy who you met.

PRACTICE TIME Make sentences about your partner using objects on your desk and people in the classroom. Ex: “This is the pen that Cindy broke.” Be very careful to make OBJECT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ONLY! The noun must RECEIVE the action!

OP Adjective Clauses

When we use them. Some verbs normally have a preposition after them. Sometimes we use a preposition after a verb to show direction. Think of Think about Talk to I walk to the tree. I have been running from the dogs.

When we use them. Sometimes we need to describe an object using these types of words. Think of Think about Talk to I walk to the tree. I have been running from the dogs.

When we use them. How would you describe the lady? The lady that I’m thinking of has red hair and green eyes. So, we add the preposition after the verb to make the word we’re describing the object.

Form An OP adjective clause looks like this: who which that + S + V + preposition

Form Examples: The lady that I talked to is very strange. The person who I know about is very famous. The tree which I’m walking to has purple leaves.

PRACTICE TIME Practice this pattern with your partners. Talk about people and objects in the classroom. The person who I’m thinking about ________________ The object that I’m thinking of ___________________

WHEN AND WHERE

WHEN, WHERE Sometimes we use WHEN or WHERE to introduce an adjective clause. They are actually OPACs hiding! That picture was taken in the park WHERE I used to play. That picture was taken in the park which I used to play at.

WHEN, WHERE More examples: I remember the day when we first met. I remember the day on which we first met . That's the restaurant where we met for the first time. That's the restaurant which we met for the first time in.

WHEN, WHERE WHEN and WHERE get the name RELATIVE ADVERBS because they aren’t nouns!

PRACTICE TIME With your partner, practice describing these things: The COTR is a college where S + V…. Cranbrook, where S + V, S + V… Last month was a month when S + V…. I remember a time when S + V…

PAC: Possessive adjective clause WHAT???

WHOSE If we want to describe a noun by what it has, we use the relative pronoun WHOSE. Describing something for what it did: I found the lady who punched me! Describing something for what it has: I found the lady whose friends are famous!

WHOSE We can make the noun inside the clause into the subject or the object of the AC. I found the lady whose dog bit you! The dog did the action! I found the lady whose dog you stole! The dog received the action!

WHOSE The structure can be confusing: noun (whose + S + V) The SUBJECT is NOT the noun that the AC it is next to! noun (whose + O + S + V) The OBJECT is NOT the noun that the AC is next to! I found the lady whose dog bit you! The dog did the action! I found the lady whose dog you stole! The dog received the action!

IDENTIFYING AND NON-IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WHAT???

IDENTIFYING AC An identifying AC gives IMPORTANT information which helps us decide WHICH one. It IDENTIFIES the noun! Which man are you looking for? I’m looking for the man who has a red hat.

IDENTIFYING AC The adjective clause makes a selection SMALLER: All the men here The man who has a red hat.

NON-IDENTIFYING AC We DO NOT use commas with non- identifying (or NON-ESSENTIAL) adjective clauses. The lady, who has green hair, is stealing our food. The lady who has green hair is stealing our food.

NON-IDENTIFYING AC We cannot use identifying ACs for PRONOUNS or something that there is only 1 of. The Earth which is large and blue must be saved. This is saying that there are many Earths and you are talking about 1 of them!

NON-IDENTIFYING AC A NON-identifying AC just gives interesting details about the subject. Which man are you looking for? I’m looking for the man who has a red hat.

The adjective clause does not make a selection smaller! NON-IDENTIFYING AC The adjective clause does not make a selection smaller! The Earth The Earth, which is wide and blue, should be saved.

We MUST use commas with non- identifying adjective clauses! NON-IDENTIFYING AC We MUST use commas with non- identifying adjective clauses! We CANNOT use that! That is only used with identifying adjective clauses! My mother that is a good cook always makes supper. My mother, who is a good cook, always makes supper.

COMPARING: IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES NON-IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Do not use commas Who, which, whom, that Must describe one of many (there isn’t only 1) Identify which one it is (makes a large group smaller) Must use commas Can’t use “that” Describes a noun that is already identified (we already know “which one”)

The noun before is the SUBJECT. The noun before is the OBJECT. SAC OAC OPAC PAC The noun before is the SUBJECT. The noun before is the OBJECT. The noun before is the OP. The noun before is the OWNER. That man who hit me has been prosecuted. The man hit me. That purse which you bought in Paris looks gorgeous! You bought the purse. That lady who you winked at wants your phone number. You winked at the lady. That teacher whose test you cheated on is looking for you – run! You cheated on the teacher’s test. I don’t like that cat that bit me. That cat bit me. That machine that we can hear is very loud! We can hear that machine. Can you help me find the article that I’m looking for? I’m looking for the article. I want to kiss that boy whose phone you stole. You stole that boy’s phone. I’m afraid of the storm that will sink that ship. The storm will sink that ship. I’m taking the pizza that you bought. You bought that pizza. They killed the tree that you were living by. You were living by that tree. This is a man whose stories you will remember. You will remember this man’s stories.

Questions answered in this presentation What is an adjective clause? What is the difference between the 4 types of adjective clauses? Give an example of each. What is an identifying adjective clause? What is a non-identifying adjective clause? What DON’T we use with non-identifying adjective clauses?