1. RELATIVES

2. Contents Relative clause Relative pronouns Relative adverbs
Identifying / non-identifying clauses

3. What is a relative clause?
A relative clause tells us
which person or thing the speaker means
e.g. The man who lives in the flat above is an actor.
relative clause
(The relative clause identifies which man the speaker is talking about )

4. Who(m), which, whose, that
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Introduce relative clauses
Who(m), which, whose, that

5. Which relative pronoun do we use when we refer to people?
A driver is someone who / that drives a racing car. A kangaroo is an animal which / that lives in Australia. A book is something which / that people read.
Which relative pronoun do we use when we refer to people?
Which relative pronoun do we use when we refer to animals or things?

6. We use who / that to refer to people
We use which / that to refer to objects or animals

7. Which relative pronoun do we use to show possession?
That’s the dog whose leg is hurt. That’s the cup whose handle is broken. A racing driver is someone whose job is very dangerous.
Which relative pronoun do we use to show possession?
What does the pronoun whose refer to?

8. We use whose to show possession.
We use whose to refer to people, things or animals

9. We can’t omit the relative pronoun in such sentences. Why?
I talked to a woman. She knew my parents. I talked to a woman who / that knew my parents. I bought a carpet. It wasn’t very expensive. I bought a carpet which / that wasn’t very expensive.
We can’t omit the relative pronoun in such sentences. Why?
Watch its function in the clause!

10. When the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause it is never omitted

11. We can omit the relative pronoun in such sentences. Why?
I invited some people. I had met them before. I invited some people (whom / who / that) I had met before. These are the photographs. I took them on holiday. These are the photographs (which / that ) I took on holiday.
We can omit the relative pronoun in such sentences. Why?
Watch its function in the clause.

12. When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause it can be omitted
Watch out!
We can use whom instead of who if it is the object of the relative clause.
Whom is not often used in everyday English

13. Position of the preposition in the relative clause
a) The hotel at which the summit meeting is taking place is surrounded by undercover policemen.
This structure is formal & unusual.
b) The bank which / that I usually go to is round the corner.
This structure is quite usual.
c) The bank I usually go to is round the corner.
This structure is used in everyday English.

14. Which She invited me to stay with her. This was kind of her.
She invited me to stay with her, which was kind of her.
Which refers to the fact that she invited the speaker to stay with her. That is, it refers back to the whole clause.

15. Relative adverbs. Where / when / why
The town where he grew up is in Northern France. The town (which / that) he grew up in is in Northern France.
I’ll always remember the day when I met my husband. I’ll always remember the day (that) I met my husband.
The reason why I dislike her is that she always talks too much. The reason (that) I dislike her is that she always talks too much.

16. Relative adverbs can’t be omitted Can be replaced by
When – (which / that) + preposition
When – (that)
Why – (that)

17. Identifying (defining) relative clauses
People are put in prison.
People who / that commit crimes are put in prison.
The dress was expensive.
The dress (which / that) Alice was wearing was expensive.
give necessary information and are essential for the meaning of the main sentence
are not put in commas
who / which / that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause

18. Non-identifying (non-defining) relative clauses
Elaine Ross lives next door.
Elaine Ross, who is sixty-five years old, lives next door.
My dog is called Rover.
My dog, which is seven months old, is called Rover.
give extra information and are not essential to the meaning of the main sentence
are put in commas
the relative pronouns (who / which) can’t be omitted
that cannot replace who or which

19. Identifying Non-identifying (defining) (non-defining)
essential information
no commas
who / that / which
can be omitted if refer to the object
extra information
commas
who / which
can’t be omitted

20. Continue with the test
Good luck!