1. Pronouns
Mrs.Azzah

2. Part 1
Mrs.Azzah

3. Subject
Object
Possessive adjective
Possessive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun I Me
My----
Mine
Myself
You
Your----
Yours
Yourself He
Him
His----
His
Himself
She
Her
Her----
Hers
Herself It
Its----
-/its
Itself We Us
Our----
Ours
Ourselves
Yourselves
They
Them
Their----
Theirs
themselves

4. Uses of subject pronouns and object /indirect object pronouns
Mrs.Azzah

5. We went to disco last night . It is I
Subject pronouns are used as the subject of the verb. In informal English , they are also occasionally used following be.
I like fishing.
We went to disco last night .
It is I
Mrs.Azzah

6. This is more common when a relative clause follows .
It was she who decided to go.
It’s they who are to blame.
In informal English , the object pronoun is used after be.
It’s me.
It was him.
Mrs.Azzah

7. Object pronouns are used as the direct object of the verb.
We saw them.
He invited us.
Mrs.Azzah

8. The indirect object pronoun(with to or for) is used as the indirect object of the verb but when there is both a direct and an indirect object pronoun, to and for are more usual.
I bought it for you.
I gave it to him.
Mrs.Azzah

9. Object pronouns are also used after prepositions.
She goes out with him.
The prize was won by them.
Mrs.Azzah

10. Uses of possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns
Mrs.Azzah

11. Their friend. their friends.
Possessive adjectives do not change according to the thing possessed , but according to the possessor.
My sister My sisters.
His book His books.
Their friend their friends.
Mrs.Azzah

12. Possessive pronouns are used to replace possessive adjective + noun.
This is my car . Where is yours?(your car)
His family is bigger than mine.(my family)
Is this his house ? No , it’s ours.(our house)
Mrs.Azzah

13. Use of reflexive pronouns
When the subject and object of the verb are the same.
I have hurt myself.
Please help yourself.
Mrs.Azzah

14. They were speaking to themselves. They were speaking to each other.
There is a difference between the meaning of reflexive pronouns and each other.
They were speaking to themselves.
They were speaking to each other.
Mrs.Azzah

15. I spoke to the queen herself.
To emphasize a noun
I spoke to the queen herself.
Mrs.Azzah

16. Are you busy? Then I’ll have to do it myself.
To emphasize that it is one person and not another who performs an action
Are you busy? Then I’ll have to do it myself.
Can’t you repair it for me? No , repair it yourself.
Mrs.Azzah

17. Some common uses : Enjoy yourself. Behaves yourself.
Are you by yourself tonight ? (alone)
Mrs.Azzah

18. Part 2
Mrs.Azzah

19. One , you In formal English ,one is used as an impersonal pronoun.
One can never earn enough these days.
In informal English , you is used instead of one.
You have to relax now and then.
You cant survive without an umbrella in London.
Mrs.Azzah

20. Relative pronouns
Mrs.Azzah

21. Defining relative clauses
Mrs.Azzah

22. Dogs which bark all night should be shot.
A defining relative clause is one which is essential to the meaning of the sentence .
Dogs which bark all night should be shot.
If the defining clause is removed, the meaning of the sentence changes :
Dogs should be shot.
Note: no commas are used .who, which , that may be used.
Mrs.Azzah

23. Non-defining relative clauses
Mrs.Azzah

24. My grandmother, who is fit and well , is nearly 85.
A non defining relative clause is one which is not essential to the meaning of the sentence , but which provides more information .
My grandmother, who is fit and well , is nearly 85.
Note; commas are used . Who and which may be used, but not that .
Mrs.Azzah

25. Who , which ,that Who and that are used for people .
Which and that are used for things and animals.
Mrs.Azzah

26. Use and omission of Who , Which ,That , in defining relative clauses.
Mrs.Azzah

27. When the relative pronoun refers to the subject,who,which and that are used:
That’s the man who/that lives next door.
The book which /that won the prize was by Edna O’Brien.
Cats which /that have no ears have usually been in a fight.
Mrs.Azzah

28. The man(who/that) you saw just now is my uncle.
When the relative pronoun refers to the object, they can be ,and often are omitted.
The man(who/that) you saw just now is my uncle.
The cake (which /that) you made was very nice .
The dog (which/that) you brought home yesterday has bitten the postman.
Mrs.Azzah

29. Possessive relative pronouns, whose ,of which
Mrs.Azzah

30. Whose is used for people .
Whose /of which is used for things and animals.
That’s the man whose title /the title of which I’ve forgotten.
Mrs.Azzah

31. whom
In formal English whom is used as the relative pronoun for people when referring to object.
The man whom I met was a Government Minister.
In informal English , either who is used or ,more usually , the relative pronoun is omitted.
Mrs.Azzah

32. Prepositions in relative clauses
Got to the end of the clause.
The girl (who/that)I went out with is over there.
The man (who/that) I told you about came again last night.
The place (which /that) we went to isn’t far from here.
Mrs.Azzah

33. Demonstrative and other pronouns
Mrs.Azzah

34. This ,That ,these, those
As well as being used as demonstrative adjectives( this , that , these, those) may also stand alone as pronouns.
I like these paintings. i don’t , I prefer those .
Did you see this?
Look at this .
Mrs.Azzah

35. One, ones
One , ones are used to avoid repeating a noun already established in the conversation.
Did you see that car ?which one? The one that just gone past.
One ,ones are also used with adjectives and with this , that , these, those.
I like the blue ones best.
Haven’t you got a smaller one?
I’ll take this one.
These ones are better.
Mrs.Azzah

36. some, any, none Some , any , none can be used instead of a noun:
I need drawing pins. Have you got some /any?
Can you lend me some /any money?
I’m sorry .I've got none left. (I haven’t got any left)
Mrs.Azzah