CH 17 SECTION 3 Luther Starts the Reformation

Causes of the Reformation 1500: Renaissance emphasis on secular and individual challenged church authority Printing press spread secular ideas Rulers resented popes Northern merchants resented paying taxes to Rome Germany decentralized

Causes of Reformation Continued Problems in Catholic Church  Popes pursuing worldly affairs  Priest poorly educated  Early Calls for Reform  Early 1400s Wycliffe of England and Hus of Bohemia called for church reform  Erasmus and More in 1500s criticized church as well  Savonarola an Italian friar caused people of Florence to burn their worldly possessions. He was eventually executed for heresy

Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther  Monk from 1505 to 1512  Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg in Germany  Took stand against friar Tetzel who sold indulgences  Indulgences are the paying of money to pardon sins  95 Theses  95 Theses were formal statements attacking church leaders  October 31, 1517 posted them on the church in Wittenberg  Reformation is the movement for religious reform  Three main ideas Salvation by faith in God’s forgiveness Church teachings clearly based on words of the Bible All people of faith equal

The Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat  Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther The Emperor’s Opposition  Luther brought to town of Worms where he did not recant  Charles issued the Edict of Worms  No one to give Luther food or shelter, his books burned  Prince Frederick of Saxony took him in one of his castles  Luther translated the Bible into German  Lutheran church created  Priest in regular clothes called ministers  Ministers could marry  Services in German The Peasants’ Revolt Peasants revolt to gain freedom  Luther has Princes crush the revolt, many peasants killed Germany at War  Holy Roman Emperor and Catholic Princes vs. Protestant Princes  Peace of Augsburg 1555 ended war  Religion of each German state decided by its ruler

England Becomes Protestant Henry VIII Wants a Son  Henry had a daughter Mary  Wanted a male heir to avoid Civil War after he died  He felt his wife Catherine of Aragon was to old to have a child (42)  Wanted Pope to annul the marriage  Pope refused  Pope didn’t want to make Holy Roman Emperor Charles V angry  Charles V was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew The Reformation Parliament  1529 Ended power of pope in England  1533 Henry VIII married Ann Boleyn, Parliament granted Henry’s divorce  1534 Act of Supremacy made king head of church instead of pope

England Becomes Protestant Continued Consequences of Henry’s Changes  Closed English monasteries  Seized their wealth and lands  Edward VI, son of Henry and his third wife Jane Seymour  He comes to power after Henry dies 1547  Protestants gain power under Edward  Mary Rules next Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon Devout Catholic, restores pope as leader of church Many Protestants are executed (known as Bloody Mary)  Elizabeth Restores Protestantism (1558) Daughter of Anne Boleyn  Created the protestant Anglican Church in 1559  Church of England priest could marry  Sermons in English  Rich robes and golden crucifixes for Catholics  Book of Common Prayer more acceptable to Catholics The Spanish Armada  Attacked England but were defeated in 1558 under Philip II  England’s government not bringing in revenue  Lead to conflict between the monarch and Parliament