1. (TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE)

2.  Forces that weakened the Catholic Church: ◦ New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages) ◦ Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes ◦ Merchants did not want to pay TITHES (taxes) to Church ◦ Printing press spreading ideas faster! ◦ Church clergy corrupt & poorly educated!

3.  Monk from Wittenberg, GER.  Took stand against church’s INDULGENCES: pardon that bought your way into heaven  Posted 95 THESES on Church door attacking this idea & “pardon merchants”, Oct. 31 st, 1517 ◦ Began the Reformation  movement for religious reform

4.  1. Can only win salvation by faith alone in God  2. Bible is ultimate authority & all teachings should be based on it  3. All people with faith are equal before God

5.  Pope was unhappy!  Threatened Luther with EXCOMMUNICATION (kick out) unless he RECANT (take back) his statements  Luther threw decree in a bonfire & Pope excommunicated Luther  Edict of Worms (outlaw & heretic)  Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) was ANGRY & sent him to Town of Worms for trial

6.  Luther video: Indulgences, 95 Theses, Printing Press (5 minutes)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZTKKjxv BhE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZTKKjxv BhE

7.  A prince sheltered Luther for 2 years ◦ Luther translated New Testament into German  Luther returns! ◦ Found priests now dressing in regular clothes & called ministers ◦ Now leading church service in German, not Latin!  New religious sect: LUTHERANS

8.  1524 German peasants like Luther’s ideas  demand end to serfdom (slavery) & started a revolt  Luther mad! Told German princes to crush revolt  successful  Peasants felt betrayed & rejected Luther

9.  Most northern German princes supported Lutheranism  went against Pope  Signed a protest against the Church  Protesting Princes  PROTESTANT ◦ term applied to Christians belonging to non- Catholic Churches

10.  Holy Roman Emperor CHARLES V (Hapsburg family) went to war against Protestant Princes & defeated them  But couldn’t make them come back to the Catholic Church  Tired of fighting  signed PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) ◦ Religion of each German state be decided by its ruler (own Pope)

11.  TUDOR FAMILY: King Henry VIII wants a son, but wife too old!  Divorce not allowed (Pope’s rule)  Henry calls Parliament (government) to pass laws that end Pope’s power in England  REFORMATION PARLIAMENT  Henry marries Anne Boleyn

12.  ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made English King—not the pope—the head of England’s Church

13.  Henry’s 3 kids: Mary, Elizabeth, & Edward  Edward ruled for 6 years, then died  Mary took over & was Catholic, so turned Church back over to the pope!  Mary pushed out, and Elizabeth restores Protestantism  She becomes head of the Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCH

14.  Mary’s husband, King Philip II of Spain (Catholic), was angry & planned attack on England  Sent 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 19,000 soldiers  England defeated the Spanish (under Elizabeth’s rule)

15.  Word spreads to France to JOHN CALVIN  Writes book that says all humans are sinful & CAN’T EARN salvation  only a few are already CHOSEN  PREDESTINATION = God has already chosen those to save (predetermined)  New religion, CALVINISM (Protestant sect); based out of Geneva, Switz.  STRICT!

16.  Princes in North Germany converting to Protestantism (no more Pope)  Hapsburg Family & Holy Roman Empire in South Germany still support Roman Catholic Church  Begins war  Charles V defeats Protestant Princes, but can’t get them to convert back  In France, Catholics vs. Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) went to war frequently

17. DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN, you already have this information!  PEACE OF AUGSBURG= says each state’s ruler free to choose religion  Peace short-lived  Small states around Holy Roman Empire converting to Protestantism; tensions high  Leads to THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

18.  Movement to help keep Catholics stay loyal  COUNTER-REFORMATION: Catholic church has lost so many people  Ignatius of Loyola creates Society of Jesus (JESUITS) to spread Catholic word again & stop Protestantism  Sent out INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

19.  1. Protestant churches flourish  2. Religion no longer unites Europe  3. Individual monarchs & states gain power (church declines)  4. Helped set stage for modern world

21.  Catholic bishops agreed on these doctrines: ◦ 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final ◦ 2. Christians need BOTH faith and good works for salvation (opposite of Luther) ◦ 3. Bible and Church are equal authorities ◦ 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but false selling was banned)