1. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

2.   Causes:  Problems in Catholics Church  Leaders were corrupt  Spent a lot of money on luxurious items (How did they get this money?)  Lower leaders in the church could barely read (So…how could they teach the word of the Bible?)  Lower clergy also married, drank alcohol and gambled  Earlier Reforms  1390 – 1410, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia spurred a reform  Spread the message that the Pope did not have worldly power.  Also, Bible had more authority than church leaders.  Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More called out the church also Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

3.   Luther Challenges the Church  Luther started out small, but ended up being a leading figure of the Reformation around 1517  He challenged Johann Tetzel for selling indulgences  Indulgences were free passes from performing religious rituals such as saying certain prayers, Hail Mary’s, religious works, etc.  A way to pay to get into Heaven  95 Theses  Attacked the Friars that were selling indulgences  Posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany  Someone took his 95 Theses to a printing press and word spread throughout Germany; thus, creating the Reformation Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

4.   Luther’s Ideas went beyond indulgences to actually attacking the church. His accusations were based on 3 critical ideas.  “People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and ‘good works’ were needed for salvation.”  “All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.”  “All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

5.   The Response to Luther  Threat by the Pope  1520, Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther unless Luther took back his accusations.  Luther’s students through the Pope’s threat into a bonfire.  The Pope eventually excommunicated Luther  The Emperor’s Opposition  Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V summoned Luther to Worms to take back what he said.  Luther did not  Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which declared Luther an outlaw and heretic  It said that nobody in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter.  All of Luther’s books and testimonials were to be burned.  However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony gave Luther shelter in one of his castles where Luther translated the new testament into German  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5P7QkHCfaI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5P7QkHCfaI  Luther returned to Wittenberg to witness his 95 Theses put into practice.  Priest dressed normal (Now called Ministers)  Led services in German instead of Latin  Some ministers got married  What did this lead to???  No more reform in the Catholic Church, but a new religion; Lutheranism Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

6.   Peasants’ Revolt  Luther’s ideas not only applied to religion, but to society!!!  In 1524 German peasants demanded the end of serfdom and rioted for freedom.  What is serfdom?  This disgusted Luther and told the prince to address the situation violently and over 100,000 peasants were massacred  This led to a slight dip in Lutheranism, but Luther still obtained most of his congregation.  Germany at War  Many German princes supported Luther either spiritually or for selfishness  Some princes saw Luther’s teachings as an opportunity to seize land from the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.  In 1529 some German princes signed a petition supporting the Pope and scolding Luther.  The princes who followed Luther’s teachings protested against this petition and became know as Protestants (people of non-Catholic faith).  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sx_MCyxhTJs&feature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sx_MCyxhTJs&feature=fvwrel  Determined to keep his empire devoutly Catholic, Charles V went to war with the Protestants in 1547 and won, but failed to turn them back into Catholics  Desperate, Charles V summoned both religions to the city of Augsburg in 1555.  At the meeting, German princes agreed that the religion of each German state was to be decided by the prince of that state  This famous religions compromise was known as the Peace of Augsburg Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

7.   England Becomes Protestant  Henry VIII Wants a Son  Initially, Henry was a devout Catholic, but things changed!  He needed a son, but his wife, Catherine of Aragon was getting older so he wanted his marriage annulled.  However, he needed good reason for it to be annulled.  In 1527, Henry asked Pope Leo X to annul the marriage and Pope Leo did not. Why?  The Reformation Parliament  So…Henry called Parliament into session in 1529 and asked parliament to pass a set of laws ending the Pope’s power in England  By 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn (In her twenties!) and by 1534 Henry broke away from the Pope when the Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy.  The Act of Supremacy recognized the English king as the official “head-honcho” of England’s Church  Consequences of Henry’s Changes  Henry became a “tomcat”! Married, divorced, and beheaded some wives.  Let’s look at the timeline on page 51 Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

8.   Henry died in 1547 and all three of his children ruled which created inconsistencies with religion  1 st was Edward VI restored Protestantism at age 9. Do you thing he really ruled?  2 nd was Mary, Ed’s ½ sister who was Catholic and slaughter Protestants  3 rd was Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I who restored Protestantism. Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation

9.   Elizabeth Restores Protestantism  Required ALL people to attend church or pay a fine – known as the Anglican Church of England  Sought many compromises among Catholics and Protestants, but still one unified church.  Spanish Armada  Catholic Philip II attacked England, but Elizabeth beat him back.  It cost quite a bit of money and sacrifice  This led to something, what did it lead to? Section 3 – Luther Starts Reformation