Monday, April 11th agenda Review terms Handouts Intro to Romanesque/Gothic Bible in Stone announcements No homework

Kathedra “Seat of the bishop” Holy sanctuary from the evils of the world

Romanesque

Romanesque Characteristics 8 th century (?) – 12 th century First pan-European architecture style since Roman Empire Churches; also castles Large, monumental, and solid Rounded arches – often arcades Simple and dark interiors Barrel and groin vaults (stone and wood) Largest quantity survive in southern France, northern Spain, rural Italy

Maria Laach Abbey, Germany

Tum Collegiate Church, Poland

Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France

Tower of London

Leaning Tower of Pisa

Crusader castle, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria,

Gothic

Gothic: Key Ideas Originated in 12th-century France and lasted into the 16th century Great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. Also castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities. Built on advances made by Romanesque New vertical heights –Ribbed vault; Pointed arch; Flying buttress Stained glass windows –Rose Window Sculpture – more 3-D/”alive” and vertical

Reims Cathedral, France

Interior of Reims Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral, England

Cologne Cathedral, Germany

Interior of Cologne Cathedral

Notre Dame, Paris, France

King’s College Chapel, England

Milan Cathedral, Italy

Pilgrimage A journey or search of moral or spiritual significance Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith Driving force behind the Gothic movement Long, often dangerous Brought money, wine, clothing, jewelry, wax – length of the afflicted body that needed curing Vacation Today the numbers of people of all faiths making pilgrimages has continued to rise, with 39 of the most popular sites alone receiving an estimated 200 million visitors every year. A journey or search of moral or spiritual significance Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith Driving force behind the Gothic movement Long, often dangerous Brought money, wine, clothing, jewelry, wax – length of the afflicted body that needed curing Vacation Today the numbers of people of all faiths making pilgrimages has continued to rise, with 39 of the most popular sites alone receiving an estimated 200 million visitors every year.

Pilgrimage Map

Key Ideas Revitalization of large-scale arch Development of apse – crowds pilgrims Portal sculptures – themes –Last Judgment –Salvation

Holy Relics

Comes from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains" or "something left behind" (the same root as relinquish) Usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint A reliquary is a container for relics Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Shamanism, and many other religions Miraculous cures Absolving of sins Bible a reality Promise of a better life “Sacred Force” – strongest when in contact with pilgrim Stolen Relics – more power – must be happier in new home or wouldn’t have been stolen Hierarchy of Saints – Virgin Mary to lowly, humble saint Comes from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains" or "something left behind" (the same root as relinquish) Usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint A reliquary is a container for relics Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Shamanism, and many other religions Miraculous cures Absolving of sins Bible a reality Promise of a better life “Sacred Force” – strongest when in contact with pilgrim Stolen Relics – more power – must be happier in new home or wouldn’t have been stolen Hierarchy of Saints – Virgin Mary to lowly, humble saint

St. Francis Xavier's humerus

Skull of Saint Ivo of Kermartin

Reliquary in the church of San Pedro, Ayerbe, Spain

Shroud of Turin

Cathedrals “The Bible in Stone”

Why is it called a Bible in stone?

Symbolism of Design –Altar = head People separated from altar by screen – largely watched rituals –Transept = arms and hands –Nave – body (length reminder of long suffering) –Height – hope for future reward –Decoration/Ornate – wealth of God’s grace/foreshadows the glories of new Jerusalem –Altar = head People separated from altar by screen – largely watched rituals –Transept = arms and hands –Nave – body (length reminder of long suffering) –Height – hope for future reward –Decoration/Ornate – wealth of God’s grace/foreshadows the glories of new Jerusalem

Pointed arches – heavenward drawing the soul away from the earth

Stained glass – divine, spiritual, educational, inspirational

Daily sermons/masses – bearing testimony to presence of God (beauty/majesty/joy) Gregorian chants Incense

Center of Life: baptism, education,confirmation, marriage, burial

Apse faces east towards Jerusalem

Ornamentation

Video Tour of Chartres p8mdE

THE PROBLEM OF WEIGHT and HEIGHT

Solution #l: Pointed Arches Strong! Stable! Weight of roof supported by arches not the walls… –Walls could be thinner – stained glass Tends to push piers outward Strong! Stable! Weight of roof supported by arches not the walls… –Walls could be thinner – stained glass Tends to push piers outward

Solution # 2:Rib Vaulting Columns support weight – not WALL - as in Romanesque barrel vaulting Delineated vaults Sense of unity Columns support weight – not WALL - as in Romanesque barrel vaulting Delineated vaults Sense of unity

Solution #3: Flying Buttresses Prevents outward collapse of arches Freestanding brick or stone supports attached to exterior walls by arch –Re: piers?? Takes that extra weight and splits it… Down to pier and foundation Across to flying buttress to buttress and then down to foundation Allowed structure to be taller and VISUALLY lighter Prevents outward collapse of arches Freestanding brick or stone supports attached to exterior walls by arch –Re: piers?? Takes that extra weight and splits it… Down to pier and foundation Across to flying buttress to buttress and then down to foundation Allowed structure to be taller and VISUALLY lighter

"The holy city, Jerusalem coming down from God, out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband...and her light was like unto a stone most precious...and the building of the wall of it was jasper, and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones....." Revelation 21:18-20

THE END