1. Europe’s Middle Ages 476-1400 (app) CE How does art and architecture reflect the values of a society? What does Medieval architecture say about the church?

2. What does architecture reflect or tell us about the values of the people who built a particular structure? Burj Khalifa, Dubai: world’s tallest building

3. Typical Romanesque church

4. The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, 1943. The Pentagon is the world's largest office building by floor area, with about 6,500,000 sq ft

5. Angkor Wat, Cambodian temple, 12 th century, 1,000,000 square feet, Angkor Cambodia.

6. Romanesque (5 th centuries and beyond) versus Gothic (after 12 th centuries)

7. Typical Romanesque church

8. “Romanesque” style cathedral—early Middle Ages: Walls support ceiling and structure

9. Romanesque style church, Besalu, Catalan (Spain)

10. Abbey Church, Fontenay, 1139-47

12. Gothic Cathedral (after mid-12 th century): Late Middle Ages “Flying Buttresses” support structure

13. “Flying Buttresses”

17. Typical interior of a Gothic Cathedral

18. La Sainte Chapelle, Paris: pointed “Gothic” arches and ‘flooded’ with light

19. Crucifixtion, detail of a window from St. Remi, Reims 1190 CE

20. As with stained glass, medieval sculpture was used to tell biblical stories to illiterate villagers.

21. Aerial view of Chartres Cathedral, begun 1194 CE, built in cross design

22. Ribbed ceiling: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_chalons-en- champ_etie_amb.htm, Châlons-en-Champagne (France), Cathédrale Saint-Etienne, 12th – 17th centurieshttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_chalons-en- champ_etie_amb.htm Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Interior view of the crossing, 1220-1269, Amiens (France) portal with figures: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_cportal.htmhttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_cportal.htm Flying buttresses: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_clerestory.htmhttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_clerestory.htm View of choir, light: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_choir.htmhttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_choir.htm From balcony: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_transept_sclere.htm http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_transept_sclere.htm http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_amiens_sambulatory.htm Ribbed ceiling: http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_chalons-en- champ_etie_amb.htm, Châlons-en-Champagne (France), Cathédrale Saint-Etienne, 12th – 17th centurieshttp://www.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/medieval_chalons-en- champ_etie_amb.htm

23. Romanesque versus Gothic Cathedrals Early Middle Ages (Romanesque) Thick walls to support roofs Few windows structures were shorter Roman rounded arch Late Middle Ages (Gothic) Flying Buttresses didn’t require thick walls Many windows, light filled Tall structures—vertical, not horizontal Gothic pointed arch Designed to leave viewer in awe (to glorify God); sense of dominance

24. The Church Forms and Evolves: from the Roman Empire to the Middle Ages Jesus’ message of equality, advocacy for the poor  Endorse feudal hierarchy and salvation in the afterlife (suffering glorified). Separate from political power  Political power, helped nobility maintain caste system Invite conversion  Military conversion (Crusades) and pressure to convert in Western Europe Jesus’ resurrection  Crucifixtion: violence is sacred, Jesus died for people’s sins Symbol Conversion Political Equality Power

25. Medieval art http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/book/ho_2006.250.htm http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/06/euwc/ho_1977.421.htm

26. Gargoyles, Notre Dame Cathedral, France

29. Monasticism and Monastic Values Origin: 4-5 th centuries, around Mediterranean Purpose: enforce tradition, write manuscripts, isolated from urban areas Values: Pope Gregory (590-604): Gregorian Chant Study and hard labor (book copying and illustration, upkeep of monastery) Communalism—lacking individualism. Austerity (simplicity)—focus on spirituality, poverty

30. Monasticism and Monastic Values Origins: Purpose Values: 1. 2. 3. 4. How did the Catholic Church transform during the Middle Ages? Endorse feudal hierarchy and salvation in the afterlife (suffering glorified). Political power—helped nobility maintain caste system Military conversion (crusades) Jesus Crucifixion (violence is sacred) Name___________________________

31. Romanesque versus Gothic (draw on this!) Romanesque Gothic