Chapter 16 Australia Geography & History

Geography Location and Size Geographic Regions Climate Major Cities

Location & Size Size—With a total area of 7.7 million square kilometers, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, the U.S. and Brazil Location—Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The country is surrounded by sea on all sides

Geographic Region Western Plateau the Eastern Highlands Central-Eastern Loelands

Mount Kosciuszko( 科修斯科山 ) Southwest in Canberra of new south wales The highest point in Australia and Oceania 2228 meters above sea level Poland explorer schmitz, lai kay found the mountain in 1839, and the polish hero named after ( ).

Murray-Darling Basin ( 墨累达令流域 ) 3370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7 of the land area of Australia, is Australia's most important agricultural area. The name of this river basin is from the basin's two major rivers, the Murray and darling rivers.

Lake Eyre( 艾尔湖 ) The lowest point in the country Some 12 meters below sea level

Climate 1 、 Southern Hemisphere  January and February are the hottest summer months  June and July are the coldest winter months 2 、 Vary greatly from region to region  tropical area—hot all year without winter  temperate regions of the south:  enjoy a moderate climate, with hot summers and mild winters  The coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of Tasmania and the southeastern portion of the mainland.

Climate 3 、 Australia is widely known as "the Dry Continent" due to its low rainfall.The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the equator. 4 、 The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australi's worst draught in terms of severity and scale.

 Canberra: Between Sydney and Melbourn. The name Canberra originally means meeting place in the Aboriginal language  Sydney: the capital city of New South Wales; Australia's largest and oldst city.  Melbourne: the capital city of Victoria; Australia's second largest city  Brisbane: the capital of Queenland; Australia's third largest city Major Cities

History Early History Discovery and Exploration European Settlement Colonization The Road Toward Federation Australia in the 20th Century

Early History 1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel. 3.The way of their living:a nomadic or semi- nomanic life 4.The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationship with the environment,their religious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those living things.

Major Cities  Perth: the capital of Western Australia; Australia'sfourth largest city; the largest city in the Western Australia;  Adelaide: the capital of South Australia; Australia's fifth largest city ;  Darwin: the capital of the Northern Territory; the only large city in northern Australia

Fires Tick Farming The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool,they cleared areas using fire in order to stimulate the growth of grazing pastures and drive out small animals that they could easily capture,which is called firesticking farming.

Discovery and exploration Discovery: The first European sighting of Australian was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoo and he sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula( 约克角半岛 ）.

Exploration: 1.Development:During the 17 th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the continent,no further detailed exploration. 2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain. Discovery and exploration

European Settlement Causes: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a town- centered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas also brought about various social problems. The rising crime rate compelled Britain to find somewhere to house the population of its overcrowded prisons.

Penal Settlements 1783: the American Revolution ended and Australia was established as a new penal settlement at Botany Bay in Australia. Difficulty initial failures in farming. Solution captain john Macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their wool. European Settlement

First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britain’s first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826) European Settlement

Colonization New colonies: new south Wales(1788), Tasmania(1852), western Australia(1830), south Australia(1836), Victoria(1851), Queensland(1859) Growth of sheep grazing: both farming and mining industries underwent rapid development. Large-scale grazing also developed in the 1830s and 1840s when new settlers established huge sheep runs. Gold rush: due to the gold rush, which made a dramatic contribution to the growth of the economy, the population expanded rapidly.

The Road Toward Federation 1889:NSW began the movement to replace the Federal Council. Henry Parkes announced that the colony would support a new form of federalism 1900:the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and the Commonwealth of Australia was established

Australia in the 20th Century  “White Australia Policy” In 1901,the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and become a self-governing dominion of British Empire In 1901,pass immigration Restriction Act 0to restrict non-European immigrants

 WWI: disaster to Australia a: 1. Follow Britain into the war in August at Total Australian men—3 million;330,000 volunteered to the war b: Nationalist Party was resigned and subsequently founded by William Hughes c: 1. ANZAC---the Australian troops, joined by New Zealand forces, was called Australian-New Zealand Army Corps 2. April,25 became the Anzac Day in 1915 d: Benefits: 1. Agriculture and mining industries were booming 2. Rapid industrial growth in the years following the war Australia in the 20th Century

 Interwar years: The Great Depression a: In 1923, economic development plan:”men, money and markets” b: The Great Depression of the 1930s 1. main external cause----the collapse of wool and wheat prices and cessation of overseas loans 2. a secessionist movement developed in Western Australia Australia in the 20th Century

 The Development In Sep ANZUS Treaty In 1972,The Whitlam government 1983—1996, the Australian Labor government Under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating In 1996, the Howard government In Nov a public referendum The Sydney Olympic Games & the Sydney 1Paralympic Games Australia in the 20th Century

 WWII: Followed Britain to the war in Sep.1939 In May & June1942, Japan attacked Sydney Harbor and Newcastle 1. Developed a foreign polity independent of Britain 2. The beginning of a profound shift in Australia’s allegiance away from Britain—United States helped protect Australia from the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea Australian servicemen made significant contributions to the Allied victory Entered a boom period in the end of the war Australia in the 20th Century

 Postwar peace & prosperity “The Lucky Country” 1. Almost 100%employment rate & high standard of living 2. Launched a massive immigration program The Snowy Mountain Scheme In 1960s, the “baby boomers” emerged as an active force made it a period of chance for Australia Racial issues----launched a campaign against the White Australia Policy Australia in the 20th Century