EU och Medelhavsområdet Ann-Kristin Jonasson 4 mars, 2011

EU policies to promote democracy Human Rights clauses in Trade and Association Agreements with third countries beyond Europe. EIDHR/European Initiative (now: Instrument) for Democracy and Human Rights. ENP/European Neighbourhood Policy Enlargement.

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership EMP, Barcelona Process  Union for the Mediterranean (2008) The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership comprises 43 members 27 EU Member States and 16 Mediterranean Partners (Albania, Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey). Libya has observer status since : Albania, Mauritania, 2008: Bosnia/Herzegovina, Croatia, Monaco, Montenegro.

Objectives of EMP 1.The definition of a common area of peace and stability through the reinforcement of political and security dialogue (Political and Security Chapter). 2. The construction of a zone of shared prosperity through an economic and financial partnership and the gradual establishment of a free-trade area (Economic and Financial Chapter).free-trade area 3. The rapprochement between peoples through a social, cultural and human partnership aimed at encouraging understanding between cultures and exchanges between civil societies (Social, Cultural and Human Chapter).

Dimensions of EMP Bilateral dimension (Association Agreements) Regional dimension (regional co-operation in political, economic and cultural fields)

Union for the Mediterranean (2008) New initiative, puts emphasis on and energy into EU-Med relations. Barcelona largely failing. Broader than the initial Barcelona process: EU (27) + EMP (12) + Croatia + Bosnia/Herzegovina + Montenegro + Monaco. 43. Not Libya.

Objective: Union for the Mediterranean Against the backdrop of the Barcelona declaration (emphasing e.g. democracy), the following key initiatives outlined: de-pollution of the Med maritime and land high-ways civil protection against man-made and natural disasters alternative energies: solar plan higher education and research. Euro-Med University, in Slovenia the Med Business Development initiative

Criticism: Union for the Med Way of conception Lack of co-ownership Incapable of acting due to political sensitivities Not much emphasis on democracy Reactions have been diverse. In Turkey, resisted – and ridiculed. Tobias Schumacher: “The Barcelona Process was scrapped without thought for its strengths or weaknesses. The result is a replacement that is worse”.

European Neighbourhood Policy, ENP Objective: To avoid the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its new neighbours and instead strengthen the prosperity, stability and security of all concerned. Strategy: The EU offers the neighbours a privileged relationship, building upon a mutual commitment to common values (democracy and human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy principles and sustainable development). The ENP goes beyond existing relationships to offer a deeper political relationship and economic integration. The level of ambition of the relationship will depend on the extent to which these values are effectively shared.

ENP Partner states Algeria Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Egypt Georgia Israel Jordan Lebanon Libya (not activated) Moldova Morocco Occupied Palestinian Territory Syria (not activated) Tunisia Ukraine

Criticism: ENP Are incentives strong enough? Is ”everything but institutions” still valid? Reflects interests of the EU only? Agreement Commission-Member States? Wise to focus on bilateral dimension? Do economic incentives lead to ”common values”?

Criticism of EU Democracy Promotion in general Diverging interests Member States – Common Institutions  dual messages? Decisions at the discretion of EU? Ownership and participation? EU targets governments. Reasonable? Does EU prioritise stability and security over democracy?

Recent events: EU starts to reconsider Barroso: EU must be on the right side of history This is an historic moment and we have to be on the right side of history,” Barroso said. “This is a life time opportunity to assist those who are in the pursuit of freedom, justice, democracy and human rights. We have the instruments and means to support that fight.”

Development Commissioner: EU must learn lessons of southern neighbourhood upheaval, “We must keep our eyes wide open and draw the obvious conclusions,” the Commissioner said in a blog post today. “It is quite clear that we must change our approach, and take into account all the factors that contribute to the political, economic and human development of developing countries.”

Ashton: we need the right blend of democratic and economic reform to meet historic challenge, “We need the right blend of democratic and economic reforms to build sustainable stability. Events in the region show that the ‘old stability’ wasn’t working. That is why we need to build a new ‘sustainable stability’.”

Upheaval in the Southern Mediterranean: Europe must rise to the challenge, “Too many of us fell prey to the assumption that authoritarian regimes were a guarantee of stability in the region. This was not even Realpolitik. It was, at best, short-termism – and the kind of short- termism that makes the long term ever more difficult to build.” European Commissioner for Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy Štefan Füle

However: EU initials extension of fisheries protocol with Morocco, Without consideration to West Sahara

Diskussion Vad utmärker EU’s agerande? Vad fokuserar man? Vad gör EU bra? Vad kan EU göra annorlunda?