Recreation and Leisure 3 Chapter 3 Early History of Recreation and Leisure

Introduction Modern approaches evolve from history. History shows the role of customs and values of various societies.

Objectives Identify and discuss the major events, social trends, and religious influences during the following: Ancient civilizations The Dark and Middle Ages The Renaissance The Protestant Reformation The Colonial period The Industrial Revolution The early twentieth century The Great Depression World War I and World War II

Objectives (cont’d) Discuss the growth of popular recreation and the changing attitudes toward play following the Industrial Revolution. Identify the social trends that brought the growth of commercial amusements. Discuss the impact of racial and ethnic discrimination. Identify the public concerns about the use of leisure in the early part of the twentieth century. Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Objectives (cont’d) Identify the major forces that promoted recreation services in the early part of the twentieth century. Discuss the role of schools in the provision of recreation and leisure services. Discuss the societal impact of the Great Depression and the how recreation was used during that time. Discuss the ways recreation and leisure were impacted by World War I and World War II. Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

The Play of Early Societies Origins of games and sports Vestiges of warfare Religious traditions Teaching and sharing culture Other play functions Skill building Tradition

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations Ancient Egypt Sport as part of education and recreation Wrestling, gymnastics, weights, ball games Bullfighting popular as a religious ritual Dance as entertainment Music and arts had a strong emphasis in the culture

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations (cont’d) Ancient Assyria and Babylonia Many activities in common with Egypt. Boxing, wrestling, archery, table games Music, dance, banquets held. Parks were established for hunting parties. Space was dedicated for feasts, celebrations, and royal gatherings. Sub-bullet 2: inserted held after banquets Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods (complete sentences) Sub2 bullet 1: styled not italic; revised round bullet to square for differentiation Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations (cont’d) Ancient Israel Music and dance as part of ritual. Hunting, fishing, wrestling, and weaponry. Greatest contribution was the Sabbath as a time for rest and worship. Sub-bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations (cont’d) Ancient Greece Greek philosophy of recreation and leisure Strong belief in the unity of mind and body. Play was essential to healthy social and physical growth of children. Leisure was for affluent, noblemen. Changes in the Greek approach to leisure Provisions for parks and gardens, theaters. At first Olympic games were for all free-born Greeks. Later, religious functions replaced by commercial. Skills were left to experts and specialists. Sub2 bullets 1-7: reformatted round bullets to square for differentiation; inserted EOS (majority complete sentences) Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations (cont’d) Ancient Rome Leisure was reflection of nationalism. Focus on athletic competition Utilitarian purposes vs. aesthetic Leisure closely related to worship. First culture to emphasize spectatorship. Sub-bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods for consistency Sub2 bullets 1-2: revised round bullets to square for differentiation Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation and Leisure in Ancient Civilizations (cont’d) Corruption of entertainment Evolving emphasis on human combat. Immense commercialization. Death was often the result of losing a competition. Humans were routinely sacrificed in competition. Bullet 1: lowercase entertainment Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Early Christian Era: Dark and Middle Ages Pastimes in the Middle Ages Games of the common people Village feasts and sports Competition among villages Hunting more a means of survival than sport Love of sightseeing and entertainment seeking

The Renaissance Play as education Athenian philosophy emphasizing play in childhood reemerges Emphasis on the need for physical exercises and games  Singing  Nature study  Dancing  Modeling and painting  Manual training Play as an exercise for the mind and body

Influence of the Protestant Reformation Puritanism in England Constant battle to limit sports and entertainment. Strict observance of the Sabbath. Entertainment and play seen as “devilish pastimes.” James I issued “Declaration on Lawful Sports.” Acknowledgement of military value of sport Outlined acceptable activity Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods Sub2 bullets 1-2: reformatted round bullets to square for differentiation Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Development of Parks and Recreation Areas Types of recreation areas Large parks emerged in the late Renaissance. Types Royal hunting preserves Formal garden parks English garden parks

Development of Parks and Recreation Areas (cont’d) Use of private estates Lavish private grounds. Became custom to open parks to the public for use and viewing. Popular diversions in England Outdoor gardens established to provide entertainment and relaxation. Varied amusements provided in the parks. Types of recreation depended upon where you lived.

Development of Parks and Recreation Areas (cont’d) Concerns about leisure Class differences Inequity in leisure time became more pronounced and protested. Commercial entertainment continued to prosper.

Recreation in America: The Colonial Period Restrictions in New England Puritans enthusiastically adopted the Calvinist work ethic. Magistrates curbed amusement and recreation as much as possible. Punishments administered for breaking work ethics. Sub-bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation in America: The Colonial Period (cont’d) Leisure in the southern colonies At first, mandated church attendance and imprisonment for participating in leisure activities on the Sabbath. This changed because aristocrats had slave labor, giving them time for leisure. Lifestyles of slaves in stark contrast to their owners. Bullet 1: lowercase southern colonies Sub-bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation in America: The Colonial Period (cont’d) Decline of religious controls Play became gradually tolerated in the colonies. Lotteries became popular and helped endow schools and churches. Parks and conservation in the Colonial era Land seemed plentiful, so little attention was given to conservation. Village greens were created in the cities.

Recreation in America: The Colonial Period (cont’d) Early conservation efforts Cutting down trees without permission was against the law. Great Ponds Act of 1641 protected 2000 bodies of water. Pennsylvania passed law requiring a 5:1 forest conservation initiative. Massachusetts and Connecticut confined hunting to specific seasons.

Nineteenth Century Changes: Impact of the Industrial Revolution Urbanization Shift from rural to urban centers. Population rose rapidly. Urban centers were not prepared for the boom. Tenement living Unsanitary conditions Child labor Sub-bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods (complete sentences) Sub2 bullets 1-3: reformatted round bullets to square for differentiation Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Nineteenth Century Changes: Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont’d) The availability of leisure Unionization resulted in shorter work hours and child labor laws. Religious revivalism and recreation Dedication to work was the hallmark of American life. Concern about ability of immigrants to manage free time. Recreation viewed as venue for teaching “American” values. Bullet 1: lowercase availability and leisure; Bullet 2: lowercase revivalism and recreation Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods (complete sentences) Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Change in Work Week

Growth of Popular Participation in America Expansion of popular amusements, including vaudeville, burlesque, drinking Growing interest in sport Professionalism in sports Large public interest. Horse racing, prizefighting were particularly popular. Sport became more highly organized.

Changing Attitudes Toward Play Churches began to sanction positive recreation. Popular amusements continue to grow. Muscular Christianity influenced schools and philanthropic organizations. College sports College athletics and social clubs for sporting Social fraternities Intercollegiate sports eventually evolved First intercollegiate football game between Princeton and Rutgers in 1869 Bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods (complete sentences) Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Changing Attitudes Toward Play (cont’d) Amateur sports New York Athletic Club Amateur Athletic Union German turnvereins and Czech sokols YMCA Bullet 1: lowercase sports Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Changing Attitudes Toward Play (cont’d) Other activities Skating rinks became popular. Bicycling introduced in 1870s. Women began participating. Growing vogue for outdoor activities. Organized sport continues to grow. More money Better transportation Increased leisure time Publicity

Growth of Commercial Amusements Reduction in work hours Obtaining shorter work hours was critical to reform politics. Concerns about leisure There were no “professors of play.” Question of what to do with leisure. Traditional social activities and casual play no longer available. Bullet 1: lowercase work hours; Bullet 2: lowercase about leisure Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

The Beginning Recreation Movement The adult education movement Civic concern for intellectual civilization and continuing education Conviction that leisure could contribute to American intellectual heritage Lyceum movement Expansion of reading and public libraries

The Beginning Recreation Movement (cont’d) Development of national, state, and municipal parks State parks States establish organized conservation efforts. Municipal parks Central Park in New York was the first. Large parks are seen as necessary. County park systems First county park system in New Jersey.

Case Study: Urban Parks Periods Pleasure ground (1850−1900) Reform park (1900−1930) Recreation facility (1930−1965)

Case Study: Urban Parks

Typology of Urban Parks Periods Pleasure ground (1850−1900) Reform park (1900−1930) Recreation facility (1930−1965)

Typology of Urban Parks Case Study: Urban Parks Typology of Urban Parks Attribute Pleasure Ground (1850−1900) Reform Park (1900−1930) Recreation Facility (1930−1965) Social goal Public health and reform Social reform, children’s play, assimilation Recreation service Activities Strolling, carriage racking, bike riding, picnics, rowing, classical music, nondidactic education Supervised play, gymnastics, crafts, Americanization classes, dancing, plays, and pageants Active recreation, basketball, tennis, team sports, spectator sports, swimming Size Very large, 1000+ acres Small, city blocks Small to medium, follow a formula Relation to city Set in contrast Accepts urban patterns Suburban

Typology of Urban Parks (cont’d) Case Study: Urban Parks (cont’d) Typology of Urban Parks (cont’d) Attribute Pleasure Ground (1850−1900) Reform Park (1900−1930) Recreation Facility (1930−1965) Elements Woodlands and meadow, curving paths, placid water bodies, rustic structures, limited floral displays Sandlots, playgrounds, rectilinear paths, swimming pools, fieldhouses Asphalt or grass play area, pools, rectilinear paths, standard play equipment Promoters Health reformers, transcendentalists, real estate interests Social reformers, social workers, recreation workers Politicians, bureaucrats, planners Beneficiaries All citydwellers (intended), upper- middle class (reality) Children, immigrants, working class Suburban families Adapted from Galen Cranz and Michael Boland. “Defining the Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model for Urban Parks.” Landscape Journal (Vol. 23, No. 2, 2004): 102−140.

Case Study: Urban Parks (cont’d) How did the three periods mirror society? What were the actual benefits to the beneficiaries? How many of these types of parks have you visited? How have they changed since they were constructed? Bullet 1: spelled out 3; NOTE: italic in bullets 3-4 OK? Master edit: Update copyright to 2015 NOTE: deleted slide number 38 (not used previously)

The Beginning Recreation Movement (cont’d) Establishment of voluntary organizations YMCA/YWCA University Settlement Hull House Bullet 1: voluntary organizations lowercase Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Case Study: YMCA Explain the importance of the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) changing from an evangelical to a social organization. How does the YMCA’s “diffusion process” compare to today’s social media? Differentiate between a preventive- and rehabilitative-focused organization.

The Beginning Recreation Movement (cont’d) The playground movement Boston Sand Gardens First safe place for children to play, and specifically designed for children. Volunteers and paid employees came to run gardens. New York’s first playgrounds Playgrounds established to provide safety and protect children from inappropriate temptations.

Effect of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Prejudice against minorities Most severe discrimination against African Americans. Mexican Americans and Hispanics viewed as heathens. Strong prejudice against interracial marriage. Widespread prejudice against Asian. Americans. Americans of African origin were also barred from many activities.

Recreation and Parks: Early Twentieth Century Growth of public and park agencies City government interest in recreation facilities became accepted. Networks of playgrounds planned and operated throughout cities. Bullet 1: lowercase public and park agencies Sub-bullets 1-2: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Recreation and Parks: Early Twentieth Century (cont’d) Federal park expansion Reclamation Act of 1902 Antiquities Act of 1906 Establishment of U.S. Forest Service in 1905 National Park Service in 1916 Bullet 1: lowercase park expansion Sub-bullet 3: revise to U.S. (per text style) Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Emergence of the Recreation Movement: Three Pioneers Joseph Lee Father of the playground movement. Viewed little difference between work and play. Luther Halsey Gulick Established a school for gym instructors; first president of Camp Fire Girls. Instrumental in the establishment of Playground Association of America in 1906. Sub-bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Emergence of the Recreation Movement: Three Pioneers (cont’d) Jane Addams Established Hull House in Chicago. Considered to be a radical. Aided immigrants in their transition to America. Contrasting roles of recreation pioneers Styles and contributions unique. Among all, play was seen as a way of Americanizing foreigners.

Emerging New Lifestyles Victorian mentality challenged the role of recreation. Women gain greater independence. In the workplace Money and opportunity for social pursuits Youth seek excitement beyond organized recreation. Bullets 1-3: inserted EOS periods (complete sentences) Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Public Concerns About the Use of Leisure Concern about commercial amusements Fear that unregulated places of commercial amusement posed a threat. Studies designed to examine amusements and who was using them. Permit systems established for places of commercial amusement. Increasingly promoted the idea that recreation had to be formally organized and managed.

Public Concerns About the Use of Leisure (cont’d) Emerging mass culture Emergence of a new middle class in the early twentieth century. Growing rejection of authoritarian family structures and church dominated values. New craze for excitement and freedom in leisure. Amusement parks gain popularity.

Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services Growth of voluntary organizations National Association of Boys’ Clubs: 1906 Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls: 1910 Girl Scouts: 1912 Rotary Club, Kiwanis, Lions Club: 1910–1917

Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services (cont’d) Playground Association of America Purpose was to develop services to assist people in using leisure time constructively. The Normal Course in Play training curriculum. Name changed in 1911 to Playground and Recreation Association of America. Name changed in 1926 to National Recreation Association.

Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services (cont’d) Recreation programs in World War I War Camp Community Service Joint effort of Council of National Defense, War Department Commission on Training Camp Activities, and the Playground and Recreation Association. Provided wholesome recreation activities for both military personnel and civilians.

Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services (cont’d) Role of the schools Urban school boards initiated afterschool and vacation play programs. By 1930, thousands of school systems had extensive extracurricular programs.

Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services (cont’d) Outdoor recreation developments National Park Service enlarged outdoor recreation. State governments take greater responsibility. The end of shorter hours Free time gradually declined as the recreation movement increased. Unstable economy tried to create a balance between the workweek and overproduction.

National Park System Areas

Case Study: The National Park Service Prepare a series of arguments in favor of creating the National Park Service. Do the same focusing on opposition to its creation. How would the national parks areas be different today if we did not have a single agency to manage them? Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Impact of the Great Depression Mass unemployment and idleness stimulated national concern about leisure. New Deal programs employed millions of people and built thousands of recreation facilities. Sharpened awareness of leisure needs. The New Leisure Challenges the Schools, 1930s. National Recreation Association examined European trends to draw parallels to the United States. Title: styled bold for consistency Bullets 1-3, sub-bullets 1-2: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Case Study: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Park Legacy The New Deal Responding to 30% unemployment Key conservation organizations Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Works Progress Administration (WPA) 47 of 48 states participated 475 CCC camps on state park lands WPA worked in urban areas Sub-bullets 2-3: inserted acronyms in parentheses Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

Case Study: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Park Legacy (cont’d) How did the New Deal change urban and rural recreation areas, conservation areas, wildlife areas, and other areas? Can you identify CCC or WPA areas in your community or state? Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

A Nation at War Special Services Division of the Army provided recreation facilities worldwide. Welfare and Recreation Section of the Bureau of Naval Personnel established. Expanded programs of the Recreation Service of the Marine Corps. United Service Organizations (USO) in 1941 was a joint effort of six agencies: Jewish Warfare Board, Salvation Army, Catholic Community Service, YMCA, YWCA, National Travelers Aid. Bullet 2: inserted established to create complete sentence Bullets 1-4: inserted EOS periods for consistency Master edit: Update copyright to 2015

A Nation at War (cont’d) American Red Cross established clubs. Municipal directors extended their facilities. National Industrial Recreation Association. Recreation Division of the Federal Security Agency's Office of Community War Services. Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor.