SB3 B and C1 Fungi Mycena lux-coeli 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C2 Standard SB3b and SB3c Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. B. Compare how structure and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). 6/27/2016

Essential Questions How does a fungus maintain homeostasis? How are fungi more evolved than protists? 6/27/2016SB3 B and C3

4 What are True FUNGI?  Eukaryotic organisms  Heterotrophic, lacking chlorophyll  Decomposers  Cell wall composed of chitin  Hyphae form a netlike mass called mycelium  Provide large surface area for nutrient absorption  Mycelium may produce a fruiting body  Reproductive structure that grows above ground (mushroom) 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C5

6 More About Fungi Can reproduce both sexually and asexually Asexual reproduction includes budding, fragmentation, and spore regulation Sexual reproduction fungi produce spores 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C7 Reproduction Budding New cell develops while attached to the parent cell Fragmentation Occurs when the mycelium is broken apart If it lands in a suitable area, hyphae will grow into a new mycelia Spore Production Develops into a new organisms without the fusion of gametes 6/27/2016

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9 Nutrition in Fungi Saprophytic fungi are decomposers that recycle nutrients of dead organisms Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the living cells of other organisms Mutualisitic fungi live in a mutualistic relationship with another organism 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C10 Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Dueteromycota 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C11 Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Unicellular Most are aquatic Some are saprophytic Produce flagellated spores Caused a decrease in amphibian population (parasitic) 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C126/27/2016

SB3 B and C13 Zygomycota (Common Molds) Multicellular Most are terrestrial Many form mutualistic relationships with plants Reproduce sexually and asexually May be saprophytic or parasitic Examples: bread mold, fungi used to ferment soy sauce 6/27/2016

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SB3 B and C15 Ascomycota  The “Sac Fungi”  Most are multicellular, some are unicellular  Variety of habitats, saprophytic  Parasitic or mutualistic  Reproduce sexually and asexually  Have an ascus that contains spores for reproduction  Examples: Yeast, morels and truffles 6/27/2016

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SB3 B and C17 Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) Name comes from their club-shaped fruiting bodies Most are unicellular Most are terrestrial Saprophytic, parasitic, or mutualistic Rarely produce asexually Examples: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and smuts 6/27/2016

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SB3 B and C19 Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) No sexual stage observed Very diverse group Might not be considered a true phylum Examples: Penicillium Source of the antibiotic Aspergillus Makes a poison that can contaminate cereals, nuts, and milk 6/27/2016

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Reproductive structures 6/27/2016SB3 B and C21

SB3 B and C22 Lichens Provide a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or a photosynthetic partner. Only need light, air, and minerals to grow Found in the harshest environments  Often they are the pioneer species in an area.  They are sensitive to airborne pollutants. Often die if present 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C23 Crustose Lichens 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C24 Foliose Lichens 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C25 Fruticose Lichens 6/27/2016

SB3 B and C26 Mycorrhizae Symbiotic associations that form between the roots of most plant species and fungi 6/27/2016

Medical Uses of Fungi Penicillium notatum Penicillin Claviceps purpurea Reduces high blood pressure Controls excessive bleeding Treats migraines Promotes contractions during birth Tolypocladium inflatum Cyclosporine an immune suppressant drug 6/27/2016SB3 B and C27

Fungi and Bioremediation Fungi are mixed with water or soil to decompose organic materials in pollutants The pollutants are broken down into harmless substances 6/27/2016SB3 B and C28

Harmful Fungi Ceratocystis ulmi Kills American elm trees Endothia parasitica Kills American chestnut trees Leptoterochilia medicaginis Causes leaf blotches in alfalfa Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections, and oral thrush are common 6/27/2016SB3 B and C29