Chapter 7 Entering the World Stage

7.1 The Lure of Imperialism  Imperialism: extension of a nation’s power over other lands

Economic Interests  U.S., GB, France, Germany needed new sources for raw materials and wanted new markets

Military Needs  Industrialized countries built strong navies to defend shores and protect trade -> needed places to refuel and make repairs so they sought foreign territory

Americans who supported imperialism believed:  The US should become a world power  The US needed to expand to compete economically  The US should spread its ideals to other parts of the world  US was producing more goods and should find new markets for trade

Scramble for Territory  GB, France, Belgium, Germany, and Japan all controlled huge areas  U.S. wanted its own territories

Hawaii  Ideal place for a navy base  American sugar planters and investors gaining control

Hawaiian League  Formed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a democracy under American control  Forced the King to sign a new constitution at gunpoint (1887…Bayonet Constitution)  Gave Pearl Harbor to the U.S.

 King dies 1891, his sister Liliuokalani becomes queen  She tries to restore the power of monarchy  John Stevens, the American minister to Hawaii, without authorization, ordered U.S. marines to overthrow the monarchy

 new regime with Sanford B. Dole (a sugar tycoon) as President  Americans in Hawaii wanted to be annexed

Annexation  President Cleveland ordered an investigation  He condemned what had happened and wanted to restore the monarchy but Dole refused to step down

 Cleveland would not use force to restore the monarchy but would not annex Hawaii either  The next President (Mckinley) supported annexation and in 1898 it became an American territory  (1959 became a state)

China  GB, France, Japan, Russia, and Germany all had “spheres of influence” in China  US feared it would be shut out of trade with China

President Theodore Roosevelt  The Open Door Policy in 1899: all nations should have equal trading rights in China  The main purpose was to ensure the US would have access to China’s markets for trade

Japan  1854 Japan opened doors for trade with the US  Began modernizing and took control of Taiwan  1904 Russo-Japanese War -> Russia and Japan both want Korea and Manchuria. Japan is victor and power is growing

7.2 Spanish American War

Unrest in Cuba  Spain Controlled Cuba  Cubans revolt (want independence)  Leaders including Jose Marti led movements for independence. He and others were exiled. He goes to NYC where he used newspapers to urge Cubans to fight for freedom

America’s Role  Many Americans are sympathetic to Cuba  The Media: used yellow journalism (sensationalized stories about Cuba)

USS Maine  Sent to Cuba to protect Americans  Blew up mysteriously in Havana Harbor  Newspapers blamed Spain without proof  EX: “USS MAINE DESTROYED BY SPANISH TREACHERY!”

Images of the USS Maine energized Americans for war

 McKinley demanded Spain grant Cuba independence  Spain refused  US declared war on Spain 1898

 War lasted 4 months  Fought on 2 fronts: Cuba and the Philippines  Cuba has most substantial fighting

War in the Philippines  Spain claimed since 1500s  When war in Cuba started U.S. ships fire at Spanish ships in the Phillipines  Spanish fleet in the Philippines sunk…no U.S. casualties

 Teller Amendment: We recognize Cuban independence  Spain surrenders  Gave up Cuba  Puerto Rico and Guam given to the U.S.  Philippines -> US paid $20 million for control

Annexing the Philippines  1899 we annexed  Fighting broke out… US wins  1946 granted independence

 As the U.S. gained new territories in the late 1800s, controversies were created concerning the Constitutional rights of the inhabitants of the new territories

7.3 Roosevelt and Latin America  Platt Amendment: U.S. insisted Cuba adopt -> limited Cuba’s ability to sign treaties and gave US right to intervene in Cuban affairs  Eventually repealed

 Required Cuba to sell or lease land to the US for naval and coaling stations  Estab. of Guantanamo Bay

Panama Canal  French Company started to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama which was part of the Republic of Columbia  Company went bankrupt and in 1902 the US bought the rights and equipment for the canal but needed Columbian approval to finish

 Panamanian revolutionaries were planning to break free from Columbia  Teddy Roosevelt supported the revolution… sent US ships to Panama  Panama declared its independence

 Treaty with Panama gave US control over canal zone  Major problem in building the canal was yellow fever and malaria

The Roosevelt Corollary  Monroe Doctrine: declared the Americas off limits to Europe  Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the US could intervene in the affairs of Latin America -> would use military action to prevent European countries from seizing territory

 Teddy Roosevelt had saying “speak softly and carry a big stick”  Big stick= strong navy  Big stick policy: the idea of negotiating peacefully while threatening with a “big stick”

Dollar Diplomacy  President Taft: influence in Latin America deepened  Dollar Diplomacy: promoting American economic interests in other countries and using economic power to achieve American policy goals  US govt would guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesses

Moral Diplomacy  President Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin America  He rejected Dollar Diplomacy in favor of persuading and using American ideals of equality to advance our interests

Big Stick Policy, Dollar Diplomacy, and Moral Diplomacy  All of these policies were designed to protect US interests and influence in Latin America