HOST AND GUEST CULTURES The Essence of Sustainability A panel by Jafar Jafari University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA Shared with Mohamad Sharifi-Tehrani University of Isfahan, Iran Kish, Iran 24 February 2015

WHAT IS TOURISM?

Definition of Tourism Tourism is the study ► Of man away from his usual habitat ► Of the industry which respond to his needs, and ► Of the impacts that both he and the industry have on their host environments and beyond.

What distinguishes tourism from other goods and services?

Local Employees Outside Employees Goods and Services Factory Local Markets Other Markets MANUFACTURING

T O U R I S M Local Employees Outside Employees Goods and Services Destination Domestic Tourists Foreign Tourists

Products ► Goods ► Services

Products Goods: Produced another time Produced in another place Consumed here Tourism: Produced now—at the destination Produced here—at the destination Consumed here—at the destination

Products Tourism: ► Is a service product ► Is perishable ► Cannot be produced in advance ► Cannot be stored ► Cannot be boxed and bottled ► Cannot be shipped ► Cannot be sampled ► Cannot be returned ► Cannot be guaranteed ► Is simultaneously produced/consumed ► Is highly amalgamated ► Has high saturation point ► Is subject to value judgment ► Results in Memories: the final tourism product, which is what we sell: images!

Tourism’s Stakeholders ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests ► Employees: Tourisiers ► Government Agents ► Religious Leaders ► Cultural Agents ► Who else?

Tourism’s Stakeholders ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests ► Employees: Tourisiers ► Government Agents ► Religious Leaders ► Cultural Agents ► Who else?

Stakeholders of this Seminar ► Residents: Hosts

Residents: Hosts ► Sense of ownership ► Their land, culture, heritage, sights, beaches ► Have always been there, why make room for tourists ► How tourism benefits us, the citizen?

Host Permanent Home/Community Ordinary Societas Work Commitment Secula r /Mundane Restrain Me Everyday Why? Host Permanent Home/Community Ordinary Societas Work Commitment Secula r /Mundane Restrain Me Everyday Why? Guest Temporary/Transient Magnet/Destination Nonordinary Communitas Leisure Lack of Commitment “Sacred” Animation King/Queen for a Day Why Not? Guest Temporary/Transient Magnet/Destination Nonordinary Communitas Leisure Lack of Commitment “Sacred” Animation King/Queen for a Day Why Not? Differences between Tourists and Residents RESIDENTS TOURISTS

Left right speed will depend on various sociopolitcal factors and forces (both from within and without) Like NeutralDislikeHatredXenophobia Host’s Depreciative Sentiments

Stakeholders of this Seminar ► Residents: Hosts ► Tourists: Guests

In order to study tourists: Using an analogy: Tourist on a springboard or trampoline And using this to suggest the contour of a model

A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation ► Omission

A Tourist Model CORPORATION Emission

Components of the Tourist Model Corporation Component ► Everyday routines: personal and professional ► Emission stage: thinking and preparing for the trip

Components of the Tourist Model Corporation ► Everyday life ► Routine ► Schedule ► Pressure ► Emptying our batteries ► Ordinary ► Extreme weather ► Darkness ► Push, to get out

Tourist Market (Ordinary) Destination (Nonordinary) Push Factors Pull Factors Tourists Tourist Motivations

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation

A Tourist Model EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

Components of the Tourist Model Emancipation ► Separation ► Declaration

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation

A Tourist Model ANIMATION Orientation Valediction

Components of the Tourist Model Animation ► Orientation ► The nonordinary world ► Valediction

Destination Receiving Market Nonordinary Antistructure Host Culture Tourist Culture Communitas Playground (No rule) Fantasy/Dream Destination Receiving Market Nonordinary Antistructure Host Culture Tourist Culture Communitas Playground (No rule) Fantasy/Dream Origin Generating Market Ordinary Structure Home Culture Residual Culture Societas Rule Anomie Origin Generating Market Ordinary Structure Home Culture Residual Culture Societas Rule Anomie Differences between Tourists and Residents ANIMATION CORPORATION

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation

A Tourist Model REPATRIATION Submission Reversion

Components of the Tourist Model Repatriation ► Reversion ► Submission

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation

A Tourist Model INCORPORATION Emulsion

Components of the Tourist Model Incorporation ► Emulsion ► The gift of nonordinary ► Beginning of a new cycle of ordinary

Components of the Tourist Model ► Corporation ► Emancipation ► Animation ► Repatriation ► Incorporation ► Omission

A Tourist Model OMISSION

Components of the Tourist Model Omission Has limited application in tourism ► Backpackers ► Expatriates

A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

The Ordinary- Nonordinary System Nonordinary Ordinary

A Tourist Model CORPORATION ANIMATION OMISSIONINCORPORATION Orientation REPATRIATION Submission Reversion Valediction Emulsion Emission EMANCIPATION Separation Declaration

Clustering Tourisiers Operational Skills Semiskilled Supervisory Middle Top Unskilled

Three Worlds of Tourism ► The nonordinary world of tourists ► The ordinary world of host communities ► The extraordinary world of tourisiers What makes the work/life of tourisiers extraordinary?

A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is A nice place to visit is A nice place to live is

Community is Destination is Community is Destination is Community is Destination is

The future is yours: if you understand its sociocultural parameters and dimensions

Economic Costs of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can cause inflation  Can result in high leakage  Can have seasonality and contribute to unemployment  Can be susceptible to change, rumor, spread of disease, economic fluctuation  Can result in unbalanced economic development  Can lead to extraneous dependency  Can increase demonstration effects  Can destroy resources and create visual pollution

Sociocultural Benefits of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can broaden education  Can promote international understanding/peace  Can reduce language, sociocultural, racial, political, and religious barriers  Can reinforce preservation of heritage/tradition  Can promote worldview and membership in the global community  Can enhance appreciation of one’s own culture

Sociocultural Costs of Tourism Same for both host and guest?  Can contribute to misunderstanding  Can generate stereotypes  Can lead to xenophobia  Can result in social pollution  Can commercialize the community and its culture, religion, arts  Can threaten family structure  Can contribute to prostitution  Can increase instances of crime  Can induce conflicts in the host community

 Can be labor intensive, generating full time/ Seasonal/Part-time/Unskilled jobs  Can generate foreign exchange  Can be built on existing infrastructure  Can be developed with local products  Can spread development  Can complement production of other economic activities  Can have high multiplier effects Economic Benefits of Tourism Same for both host and guest?