ENERGY ATP Adenosine triphosphate

Why do you need energy? movement growth Active transport Temperature control

What is the ultimate source of energy? The sun.

Which organism can absorb the sun’s energy directly? plants and algae

Plants use the energy in sunlight to make food carbohydrates also called

Energy is stored in chemical bonds Carbohydrates contain chemical energy. C - C C - H

Plants are producers or _______________. carbohydrates Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from sunlight to make carbohydrates... food. autotrophs Plants make their own food. Plants make carbohydrates by photosynthesis.

Examples? Organisms that cannot make their own food are called consumers or _________________ F U N G I Animals Heterotrophs are organisms that must get energy from food. heterotrophs

Foods carbohydrates lipids proteins must be “burned” or broken down to release the stored chemical energy. HOW?

Cellular respiration is a process by which food (glucose) is broken down to produce ATP. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP glucose oxygen carbon water energy dioxide ATP Plants and animals both breakdown glucose for energy.

ATP is the energy molecule. ATP powers the cell. ATP

ATP --- adenosine triphosphate.

When bond is broken Energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Plants and algae are autotrophs or producers photosynthesis make their own food

sun CO 2 H2OH2O Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 O2O2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

STOMATA --- openings on the underside of leaves that allow gases to enter and exit. CO 2 O2O2

Most plants contain vascular tissue: Xylem: transports water Phloem: transports glucose (food)

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 carbon water glucose oxygen dioxide Photosynthesis:

Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color. Chlorophyll Which pigment absorbs sunlight?

In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? Plant cell chloroplast chloroplasts

chloroplasts cells Leaves

Granum A Chloroplast

Photosynthesis is a complex process that involves a series of reactions.

Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages: 1. Light-Dependent Reactions 2. Light-Independent Reactions/ Calvin Cycle

(occur on the thylakoid membranes) Chlorophyll absorbs light energy thereby producing high-energy electrons. These high-energy electrons are used to make NADPH and ATP. Water molecules are split thereby producing electrons (to replace the e- “lost” by chlorophyll), also producing oxygen. The NADPH and ATP made here is used to fuel the production of glucose in the next stage. Light-Dependent Reactions

Light-Independent Reactions - - Calvin Cycle (occur in the stroma) Plants absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere. The ATP and NADPH made in the light- dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide. Light-Independent Reactions

NADPH: A High-Energy Electron Carrier

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP

Why do organisms need energy? movement growth Active transport Temperature control

ATP broken down GLUCOSE How do organisms get energy? Cellular Respiration By breaking down glucose energy

ATP in the mighty mitochondria Mitochondria makes energy for the cell ATP broken down GLUCOSE Cellular Respiration Where????

Plants can make their own glucose consume glucose in food AutotrophsHeterotrophs How do organisms get glucose? Plants? Animals

Both autotrophs and heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration. Plants break down glucose for energy Animals break down glucose for energy Plant cells have mitochondria Animal cells have mitochondria

Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP glucose oxygen carbon water energy dioxide

Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain

in cytoplasm CCCCCC1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid CCC 2 NADH 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 NAD + 2 ADP six carbon compound three carbon compound Only a small amount of ATP is produced CCC anaerobic

in matrix of mitochondria pyruvic acid 8 NADH 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 8 NAD + 2 ADP Only a small amount of ATP is produced OO CCC C CC CO 2 CC CoA Acetly-CoA C C C C C C C C C C Citric Acid OOC CO 2 OOC 2 FADH 2 2 FAD aerobic CoA

aerobic on mitochondria membrane ATP Electron Transport Chain NAD + A large amount of energy is produced FADH 2 FAD Matrix Inner mitochondrial membrane Outer mitochondrial membrane H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP Synthase ADP H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ NADH H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ 4H + + O 2 + 4e- 2H 2 O

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain CCCCCC CCC CCC CCC CO ATP glucose pyruvate

Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration sun glucose plants plants & animals H2OH2O O2O2 CO 2