CHAPTER 13 NOTES The Second Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution:  Textiles, Railroads, Iron, Coal. Second Industrial Revolution:  Steel, Chemicals, Electricity, Petroleum

New Products Steel:  Lighter and stronger than iron.  Improved railroads, engines, ships, and weapons. Electricty:  Produced heat, light, and motion. Internal Combustion Engine:  Gottlieb Daimlet  Invented a light, portable engine.

New Patterns Income Rises  Europeans have more disposable income and can afford to buy consumer goods. Department Stores  Sell a wide range of goods made possible by steel and electricity. Trade Expands  European companies sell to more foreign markets.

Problems Poor working conditions in factories. Low wages/long hours for many. Child labor.

Workers Unite Labor unions form.  Workers join together to improve wages and working conditions.  Collective Bargaining: negotiations between unions and employers.

New Theories Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto 1848 Proletariat (workers) will rise up and take control of the means of production from the bourgeoisie (owners). Creates a process of a classless society.  No rich, no poor, everyone is equal, no need for a gov. = communism. Leads to Socialist Gov. where the government owns everything and tries to enforce equality of the classes.

New Urban Environment Urbanization: people moving to cities due to greater economic opportunities Social Changes: New Middle Class:  Civil servants, engineers, teachers, accountants, chemists, managers. New Elite:  Doctors, lawyer, bankers, business owners. Working Class:  Laborers (skilled and unskilled)

New Urban Environment Universal Education:  Industrial Revolution demands a more literate work force. Education increases!! More Leisure Time:  Less work hours = more time for fun.  Amusement parks, sporting events, dance halls, fairs.