Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 1 Communication Skills (603281) Citing and Referencing

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 2 Objective Understand why acknowledgement is important Understand what plagiarism means Recognize the details that are needed to make up a citation/reference

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 3 Acknowledging sources Any time you use material from sources, either using the original text or your own words, you should acknowledge these sources. If you don ’ t acknowledge then you are steeling other people ’ s work and ideas, this is called plagiarism

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 4 Why acknowledgement is important? Readers can find the original sources The authors of the original sources are given credit for their work The writer's own work is clear The work has credibility So …. You must acknowledge what you have read from resources to avoid plagiarising

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 5 Plagiarism Plagiarism is defined as taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious offence. The best way to avoid it is to take careful notes of where you find your information, and always acknowledge the work of others. Such work may include sections of text, quotations, original ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts, tables and figures

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 6 So what is the correct way to use my sources? There are three normally accepted way of using information from your sources: –Quoting –Paraphrasing –Summarising If you do any of these things you must always acknowledge/cite your source (make a reference to it in your text) and finally, at the end of your work, you must include a correctly formatted Bibliography or list of references

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 7 Quoting A quotation is when you copy text word for word from your source. When quoting remember the following: –Don ’ t forget to put quotation marks around text –Make sure you copy the quote exactly –Don ’ t make your quote too long –Make sure your quote flows into the rest of your text and be careful with punctuations

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 8 Paraphrasing and summarising Paraphrasing and summarising are saying the same as your source but in your own words. A summary is shorter that the paraphrase. In both cases, the source must always be acknowledged.

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 9 Paraphrasing and summarising Basic techniques for successful paraphrasing and summarising: –Quickly read through the text to get an idea of what ’ s it about –Decide if any of it would be useful to your work –Read the relevant parts in more detail –Without looking at the source, make some notes of the points that are useful to you –Check that your notes agree with the original –Write up the paraphrase of summary from your notes –Check that you have kept the same meaning –Check that your paraphrase or summary is consistent with the rest of your writing

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 10 Citing, referencing, and bibliography I f you use quoting, summarising, or paraphrasing you must always acknowledge/cite your source (make a reference to it in your text) and finally, at the end of your work, you must include a correctly formatted Bibliography or list of references. Citation: a reference made in the text to a source of information. This can be in the form of a direct quotation, summarising or paraphrasing.

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 11 Citing, referencing, and bibliography References list: an organised listing of the works cited in the text, placed at the end of the document. Bibliography: a full listing of all material consulted in relation to your work, including any source material not directly cited in the text, placed at the end of the document.

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 12 When to cite Whenever you directly copy the words of another author (quoting) or put their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing or summaysing) you must acknowledge that you have done so, or you are plagiarising their work. You must reference another author's ideas, factual material, graphs or tables of data and pictures and diagrams, software programs and music or any other form of intellectual property.

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 13 Keeping records Make sure you keep track of the information about sources of you use, and record the necessary details. A good way to record references is to prepare cards with the full details of each source. The cards can then be used when prepare your referencing list Computer programs (bibliographic software such as EndNote) also allow you to store and organise a reference list/bibliography. The list of sources can be merged with a MS Word document to automatically extract entries quoted in the text from your bibliographic database.

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 14 Keeping records You need to make note of the following information about every source you use. Not every detail will be applicable in every case: –Author(s)'s or editor(s)'s full names; or the group/body/organization responsible –Title of article or chapter of book –Name of the journal, periodical or book –Edition (if applicable) –Publisher's name (if applicable) –Place of publication (for book) –Year of publication –Volume number (for journal) –Issue number (for journal) –Page number

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 15 Keeping records For citing electronic sources such as web page, the following details should be noted, when available: –name of the author or editor –title of the page (look in the bar at the top of your browser) –title of the site (go to the site's homepage) –date the page was last updated, or the copyright date –the full internet address (URL) of the page ( –the date that you accessed the page –any other details that might help someone else find the part of the page or web site that you used

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 16 Reference lists or bibliographies As well as acknowledging the information you have used in the body of your work, you often need to provide a list of all your sources at the end. This can take two forms as mentions earlier: –Referencing list –Bibliography

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 17 Styles used in citation and referencing There are many accepted styles to present your references. Each style is a system with consistent rules about how to display a citation (including punctuation, font, capitalization and so on) within your text, footnotes, and the reference list (or bibliography). Some common styles are: –AIP American Institute of PhysicsAIP –APA American Psychological AssociationAPA –Chicago or notes-bibliographyChicago –Harvard or author-dateHarvard –IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIEEE –Turabian based on Chicago styleTurabian –Vancouver or numeric or footnote-endnote, for Biomedical publicationsVancouver

Banda Ramadan - Citing and Referencing 18 Summery Acknowledging your sources Importance of acknowledgement Plagiarism How to use sources right –Quoting –Summarising –Paraphrasing Citing, referencing, and bibliography Styles used in citation and references

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