Harold RUGG ( ) "Imagination is the universal and indispensable instrument of all levels of living in the human world. Our daily lives are dependent on it….In fact, the principal function of the imagination is to enable the human being constantly to build thought models of the real world."

Describe Harold Rugg An engineer Teacher Educational theorist Historian One of the best known educators in the Progressive Education Movement Focused on curriculum development Published school textbooks

Life He was born on January 17, 1886 in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He went to school at Dartmmouth College, got his B.S. in civil engineering. He went on to study psychology, sociology and education at the University of Illinois and earned his PhD

He taught at the University of Chicago from 1915 until January He took a job at the Teachers College of Columbia University, where he stayed until he retired in After his retirement, he continued publishing books in education area.

Publications The Experimental Determination of Mental Discipline in School Studies 1917 – Statistical Methods Applied to Education 1926 – The Child-Centered School 1929 – Man and His Changing Society 1931 – Culture and Education in America 1933 – The Great Technology 1936 – American Life and the School Curriculum That Men May Understand 1963 – Imagination

His Educational Studies He is an educationalist and the supporter of social reconstructivism He focused on curriculum construction He wanted to develop the US educational system He used “social engineering" He has creativity, self-expression and social reconstruction theories He focused on cultural diversity, multicultural education

Theory of Creative Creativity and self-expression played significant roles in school environment. These are the foundations of creating a “cultured life”. Dream of Rugg was to find the sources of man`s creative acts. His book of Imagination, was published in Tries to explain how creative ideas come.

Some important concepts Unconscious, Conscious, Preconscious, Off-conscious, Fringe conscious, Imagination, intuition Transliminal mind or transliminal chamber

Three stages of creative act happens First, the problem baffles all conscious efforts at solution. Second, the conscious mind has given up and the problem has been pushed up to subconscious. Final stage, indefinable mind once the unconscious flash of insight becomes conscious certainty.

Flash Insight and Transliminal Chamber The flash insight, namely creative idea, comes to the mind. Transliminal chamber is between the conscious and unconscious mind. The creative process takes place in the transliminal mind. Transliminal term describes borderline of the mind which enables to get creative insight.

In summary; Rugg describes creative act as a total organic action. This action is psychological, physiological, cultural and environmental. Rugg`s theory of creativity tells us that the creativity is a process which involves the sharing unconscious material with conscious awareness.

Educational Implications Looking at the impact of Rugg`s theory of creativity on education, we can see that he connected creativity with intuitive way of knowing through inside identification. The concept of `intuition` is equal to creativity. We can try to create a classroom setting where imaginative and intuitive risk taking are granted to the students. We can do more encourage students to chance “intuitive leaps” in making their school assignments. On the other hands, In order to increase creative acts in school environment, he suggested the development and enhancement of programs in the schools as a way of showing creativity.

" Imagination is the instrument of discovery. The poet and the scientist agree. Discovery is conceiving in imagination, or, more succinctly, discovery IS imagined conception." Harold Rugg