 CHAPTER 3 and CHAPTER 4

Compounds Two or more elements that are chemically combined. Pages 97-98

Page: 98  Inorganic Compound: An inorganic compound does not contain the element carbon. Sodium chloride, or table salt is an Inorganic Compound.  Organic Compound: Many living things contain the element carbon. Most compounds that contain carbon are called an Organic Compound.

Page: 99  Carbohydrates: A carbohydrate is an organic compound made of elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are examples of carbohydrates.  Lipids: Fats, oils, and waxes are lipids. Lipids are an energy rich organic compound. In addition, lipids also make up most of the cell membrane.

Page:100Page: 101  Proteins are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases sulfur. The proteins known as enzymes perform important functions in the chemical reactions that take place in cells.  Nucleic Acids are very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life.

Page:103Page:104  Diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The concentration of a substance is the amount of the substance in a given volume.  Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cells cannot function properly without adequate water, many cellular processes depend on osmosis.

Page:106  Active transport is the movement of material through a cell membrane using cellular energy. Active transport requires the cell to use its own energy.  Passive transport is the movement of a dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular energy.

Page:119  Autotroph: An organism that makes its own food.  Heterotroph: An organism that cannot make its own food, including animals such as zebras and lions.

Page:120Page:121  The first stage of photosynthesis involves capturing the energy in sunlight.  The main photosynthesis pigment in chloroplast is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll functions like “solar” cells capturing light energy and uses it to power the second stage of photosynthesis.  The second stage of photosynthesis the cell uses the captured energy to produce sugars. The cell needs water and carbon dioxide. Plant roots absorb water from the soil and get carbon dioxide from the air from the undersides of leave called stomata. A structure in the cell of plants and some other organisms that capture energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.

Page:125  Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose. During respiration cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.  Stage one: Takes place in the cytoplasm. There, molecules of glucose are broken down into smaller molecules. Only a small amount of energy is released.  Stage two: Take place in the mitochondria. There, small molecules are broken down into even smaller molecules. These chemical reactions require oxygen, and they release a great deal of energy.

Page:126  During respiration, organisms use oxygen and release carbon dioxide.  During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

Page:  Alcoholic Fermentation is a type of fermentation that occurs when yeast and some other single celled organism break down sugars.  Lactic Acid Fermentation takes place at time in your body. When working out muscles. Your muscle cells use up oxygen faster that it could be replaced. Because of the lack of oxygen, fermentation occurred.