Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Chapter 4 Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 The Endocrine System uses powerful chemical messengers called hormones to: maintain homeostasis respond to stress regulate essential functions control metabolic rate direct growth and development
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Major Glands of Normal Endocrine System
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Hormones are chemical messengers that: are either amino acids (proteins) or steroids are secreted into the bloodstream by specialized glands target their actions to very specific tissue receptor sites
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Important hormones include: insulin and glucagon estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone thyroxine, calcitonin, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) vasopressin cortisol and cortisone aldosterone growth hormone (GH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Hypothalamus-Pituitary- Thyroid Gland Feedback Mechanism
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Thyroid Gland Diseases A group of disorders caused by increased or decreased amounts of thyroid hormones: Simple goiter Hashimoto disease Hyperthyroidism/Graves’ disease Hypothyroidism Myxedema
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Thyroid Gland Diseases Symptoms Hypofunction bradycardia constipation weight gain reduced alertness fatigue edema/bloating poor circulation cold intolerance dry skin and hair Hyperfunction tachycardia/palpitations diarrhea weight loss anxiety/restlessness fatigue appetite sweating heat intolerance hair loss
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Simple Goiter
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hyperthyroidism
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hypothyroidism Myxedema
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Cretinism Thyroid Gland Diseases: Hypothyroidism
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Thyroid Gland Diseases: Thyroid Cancer Painless lump or nodule on the thyroid gland that is malignant. Treatment is usually surgery to remove the thyroid gland and any involved lymph nodes and replacement hormone. Anaplastic types may only be treated with radiation and chemotherapy to prolong survival.
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Adrenal Gland Diseases Cushing Syndrome
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Adrenal Gland Diseases (cont’d.) Addison Disease partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function onset usually gradual over weeks to months fatigue, weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances, weight loss, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular problems, depression, anxiety, “bronzing” of skin tone treatment includes replacement of natural hormones; increased fluid intake; control of salt and potassium intake; and high carbohydrate/protein diet
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus little or no insulin production in the pancreas transport of glucose to cells is impaired cells begin to use fats and proteins as energy alternative blood glucose levels continue to increase, resulting in state of hyperglycemia signs and symptoms include frequent thirst, urination, weight loss, fatigue, increased appetite
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.) Diabetes Mellitus Type 1: early, abrupt onset before age 30 with little or no insulin secreted Type 2: more common form with gradual onset after age 30, especially after age 55, with some pancreatic function intact
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Type 3: decreased ability to metabolize glucose during pregnancy with onset around weeks of gestation; the condition usually disappears by 6 weeks postpartum Treatment might include control of diet; limited intake of simple sugars; oral hypoglycemic agents; insulin
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Endocrine Dysfunction of Pancreas (cont’d.) Hypoglycemia abnormally low blood glucose level that can be caused by excessive insulin secretion in the pancreas, fasting, or medications signs and symptoms: sweating, nervousness, hunger, weakness, dizziness, headache, palpitations, confusion, visual disturbances if severe or untreated, can cause seizures, stupor, coma, and death Treatment: acute requires intravenous infusion of glucose; hormone glucagon; complex carbohydrate/protein snack with stabilization
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Warning Signs and Interventions for Diabetic Coma and Insulin Reaction
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Medical Alert Bracelet
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Medical Alert System