1. The Endocrine System Glands & Hormones
Chapter 12

2. Hormones
Chemical messengers that have specific effects on certain cells or organs in the body
Released directly into the bloodstream
Regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction & behavior
Some effect MANY tissues: growth hormone, thyroid hormone & insulin
Some effect SPECIFIC tissues: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) & Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Specific tissues are called “Target Tissues”

3. Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones & Their Functions
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth of all body tissue
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Thyroxine
Increases metabolic rate influencing both physical & mental activities required for normal growth

4. Parathyroids Pancreas Parathyroid Hormone Insulin
Regulates exchange of calcium between blood & bones; increases calcium level in blood
Insulin
Aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels

5. Testes Ovaries Testosterone Estrogen
Stimulates growth & development of male sexual organs (testes & penis) plus development of secondary sex characteristics, such as hair growth on face & body and deepening of voice; stimulates maturation of sperm cells
Estrogen
Stimulates growth of primary female sexual organs (uterus & fallopian tubes) plus development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts, plus changes in the pelvis to a broader shape

6. Disorders Associated with Endocrine Dysfunction
Hormone Hypersecretion Hyposecretion
Growth Gigantism Dwarfism
Thyroid Grave’s Disease Cretinism Myxedema
Insulin Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia

7. Hormones Used for Treatment
Growth Hormone – for children with a deficiency in GH
Insulin – for diabetes
Adrenal Steroids – for relief of inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and asthma
Epinephrine – stimulates heart muscle, treats asthma attacks & acute allergic reactions
Thyroid Hormones – for cretinism in children (lack of growth & mental development) and myxedema in adults (mentally & physically sluggish)

8. Hormones & Stress
Physical injury, disease, emotional distress/anxiety and even pleasure involves a reponse from the endocrine system
Hormones can help the body meet stressful situations
Overproduction, however, can be harmful and lead to: high blood pressure, heart disease, ulcers & headaches

9. Aging and the Endocrine System
Loss of muscle and bone tissue
Adult Onset (Type 2) Diabetes from the decrease of insulin secretion
Decline in sex hormones
Decrease in bone mass leading to Osteoporosis
Decrease in growth hormone